Experimental Investigation of Factors Affecting Individual Firebrand Heat Transfer

Published

May 25, 2026

Author(s)

Amy Mensch, Savannah Wessies, Emma Veley

Abstract

Firebrand ignition is a significant contributor to the spread of wildfires into communities. This study investigates effects of flow velocity, firebrand wood type and size, and substrate material on the peak heat flux and total heat transfer from individual disk-shaped firebrands. Firebrand heat transfer to a surface is measured with a thin skin calorimeter embedded in the substrate. Peak heat fluxes were between 22 kW/m2 and 84 kW/m2 and were higher for the smaller radius firebrands. The total heating to the substrate also tended to be higher for the smaller radius firebrands, but was about the same for the two substrate materials tested. Notably, flow velocity had almost no impact on peak heat flux, and higher velocities increased the total heating only for some firebrand wood types. Two correlations were determined to predict peak heat flux and total heating based on experimental parameters, which included the measured firebrand temperature. These correlations confirmed the importance of substrate properties on firebrand heat transfer.

Citation

Heat and Mass Transfer

Volume

148

Issue

8

Pub Type

Journals

Download Paper

https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4071850

Local Download

Keywords

firebrand, heat flux, heat transfer

Citation

Mensch, A. , Wessies, S. and Veley, E. (2026), Experimental Investigation of Factors Affecting Individual Firebrand Heat Transfer, Heat and Mass Transfer, [online], https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4071850, https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=957558 (Accessed June 16, 2026)

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