Harvey, A.
(2019),
Anomaly in the Virial Expansion of IAPWS-95 at Low Temperatures, International Journal of Thermophysics, [online], https://doi.org/10.1007/s10765-019-2566-5
(Accessed October 12, 2025)
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Anomaly in the Virial Expansion of IAPWS-95 at Low Temperatures
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Abstract
In the standard reference equation of state for the thermodynamic properties of water, known as IAPWS-95, the fourth virial coefficient D(T) becomes abnormally large in magnitude at temperatures below approximately 300 K. At conditions where a virial expansion using only second and third virial coefficients should be essentially exact (such as vapors at pressures near 100 Pa or 1000 Pa), such a truncated expansion may miss on the order of 2% of the deviation from ideal-gas behavior in the compressibility factor or the fugacity. The term in IAPWS-95 that causes this issue is identified, and suggestions are made for future equation-of-state development.Citation
International Journal of Thermophysics
Volume
40
Issue
11
Pub Type
Journals
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Keywords
fugacity, virial coefficients, water
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Created November 6, 2019, Updated January 7, 2020