Cements in the 21st Century: Challenges, Perspectives, and Opportunities

Published

April 21, 2017

Author(s)

Joseph J. Biernacki, Jeffrey W. Bullard, Gaurav Sant, Nemkumar Banthia, Frederik P. Glasser, Scott Jones, Tyler Ley, Richard A Livingston, Luc Nicoleau, Jan Olek, Florence Sanchez, Rouzbeh Shahsavari, Paul E. Stutzman, Sobolev Konstantin, Tracie Prater

Abstract

In a book published in 1906, Richard Meade outlined the history of portland cement up to that point1. Since then there has been great progress in portland cement-based construction materials technologies brought about by advances in the materials science of composites and the development of chemical additives (admixtures) for applications. The resulting functionalities, together with its economy and the sheer abundance of its raw materials, have elevated ordinary portland cement (OPC) concrete to the status of most used synthetic material on Earth. While the 20th century was characterized by the emergence of computer technology, computational science and engineering, and instrumental analysis, the fundamental composition of portland cement has remained surprisingly constant. And, although our understanding of ordinary portland cement (OPC) chemistry has grown tremendously, the intermediate steps in hydration and the nature of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H), the major product of OPC hydration, remain clouded in uncertainty. Nonetheless, the century also witnessed great advances in the materials technology of cement despite the uncertain understanding of its most fundamental components. Unfortunately, OPC also has a tremendous consumption-based environmental impact, and concrete made from OPC has a poor strength-to-weight ratio. If these challenges are not addressed, the dominance of OPC could wane over the next 100 years. With this in mind, this paper envisions what the 21st century holds in store for OPC in terms of the driving forces that will shape our continued use of this material. Will a new material replace OPC, and concrete as we know it today, as the preeminent infrastructure construction material?

Citation

Journal of the American Ceramic Society

Volume

100

Pub Type

Journals

Download Paper

https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.14948

Local Download

Keywords

cement, admixtures, additive manufacturing, sustainability

Citation

Biernacki, J. , Bullard, J. , Sant, G. , Banthia, N. , Glasser, F. , Jones, S. , Ley, T. , Livingston, R. , Nicoleau, L. , Olek, J. , Sanchez, F. , Shahsavari, R. , Stutzman, P. , Konstantin, S. and Prater, T. (2017), Cements in the 21st Century: Challenges, Perspectives, and Opportunities, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, [online], https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.14948, https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=922668 (Accessed October 13, 2025)