NOTICE: Due to a lapse in annual appropriations, most of this website is not being updated. Learn more.
Form submissions will still be accepted but will not receive responses at this time. Sections of this site for programs using non-appropriated funds (such as NVLAP) or those that are excepted from the shutdown (such as CHIPS and NVD) will continue to be updated.
An official website of the United States government
Here’s how you know
Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.
Toward Heisenberg-Limited Spectroscopy with Multiparticle Entangled States
Published
Author(s)
Dietrich G. Leibfried, Murray D. Barrett, T Schaetz, Joseph W. Britton, J Chiaverini, Wayne M. Itano, John D. Jost, Christopher Langer, David J. Wineland
Abstract
The precision in spectroscopy of any quantum system is fundamentally limited by the Heisenberg uncertainty relation for energy and time. For N systems, this limit requires that they be in a quantum-mechanically entangled state. We describe a scalable method of spectroscopy that can potentially take full advantage of entanglement to reach the Heisenberg limit and has the practical advantage that the spectroscopic information is transferred to states with optimal protection against readout noise. We demonstrate our method experimentally with three beryllium ions. The spectroscopic sensitivity attained is 1.45(2) times as high as that of a perfect experiment with three nonentangled particles.
Leibfried, D.
, Barrett, M.
, Schaetz, T.
, Britton, J.
, Chiaverini, J.
, Itano, W.
, Jost, J.
, Langer, C.
and Wineland, D.
(2004),
Toward Heisenberg-Limited Spectroscopy with Multiparticle Entangled States, Science, [online], https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=105374
(Accessed October 14, 2025)