Sensitivity of acoustic nonlinearity and loss to residual porosity in additively manufactured aluminum

Published

January 21, 2023

Author(s)

Ward L. Johnson, Jake Benzing, Orion Kafka, Newell Moser, Derek Harris, Jeremy Iten, Nik Hrabe

Abstract

Acoustic nonlinearity and loss are found to be positively correlated with porosity at industrially relevant levels of less than half a percent in commercially pure aluminum produced by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) with several different power levels. The technique employed for acoustic measurements involves nonlinear reverberation spectroscopy (NRS) with noncontacting electromagnetic-acoustic transduction, which offers advantages of adaptability to complex part geometries and short inspection times for industrial qualification of additively manufactured (AM) parts of arbitrary size. Porosity and microstructure are characterized with the Archimedes technique, X-ray computed tomography, and scanning electron microscopy. Fit parameters of nonlinearity and loss vs. porosity are found to vary significantly with the height of material in the build, consistent with an hypothesis that the correlations are indirect and involve dislocations as the principal nonlinear/anelastic elements. Nonlinearity and loss decrease with time under acoustic excitation, while being relatively insensitive to pauses in excitation of similar duration, indicating that acoustic excitation at inspection levels induces changes in nonlinear/anelastic defects without predominant involvement of thermal excitation. This remarkable behavior is not seen as a fundamental impediment for the application of the technique to nondestructive AM part qualification because of the brief time required for a measurement.

Citation

Ndt & E International

Volume

135

Pub Type

Journals

Download Paper

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2023.102801

Local Download

Keywords

acoustic nonlinearity, acoustic loss, additively manufactured aluminum, porosity, x-ray computed tomography, scanning electron microscopy

Citation

Johnson, W. , Benzing, J. , Kafka, O. , Moser, N. , Harris, D. , Iten, J. and Hrabe, N. (2023), Sensitivity of acoustic nonlinearity and loss to residual porosity in additively manufactured aluminum, Ndt & E International, [online], https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2023.102801, https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=935566 (Accessed October 9, 2025)