Skip to main content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

Relaxation Effects in Small Critical Nozzles

Published

Author(s)

Aaron N. Johnson, C L. Merkle, Michael R. Moldover, John D. Wright

Abstract

We computed the flow of four gases (He, N2, CO2, and SF6) through a critical nozzle by augmenting traditional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with a rate equation that accounts for τrelax, a species-dependent relaxation time that characterizes the equilibration of the vibrational degrees of freedom with the translational and rotational degrees of freedom. Conventional CFD (τrelax = 0) under-predicts the flow through a small nozzle (throat diameter d = 0.593 mm) by up to 2.3 % for CO2 and by up to 1.2 % for SF6. When we used values of τrelax from the acoustics literature, the augmented CFD under-predicted the flow for SF6 by only 0.3 %, in the worst case. The augmented predictions for CO2 were within the scatter of previously published experimental data ({plus or minus}0.1 %). As expected, both conventional and augmented CFD agree with experiments for He and N2. Thus, augmented CFD enables one to calibrate a small nozzle with one gas (e.g., N2) and then to use it as a flow standard with any other gas (e.g., CO2) for which reliable values of τrelax and the relaxing heat capacity are available.
Citation
Journal of Fluids Engineering-Transactions of the ASME
Volume
128
Issue
1/1/06

Keywords

flow standard

Citation

Johnson, A. , Merkle, C. , Moldover, M. and Wright, J. (2006), Relaxation Effects in Small Critical Nozzles, Journal of Fluids Engineering-Transactions of the ASME, [online], https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=830846 (Accessed December 12, 2024)

Issues

If you have any questions about this publication or are having problems accessing it, please contact reflib@nist.gov.

Created January 1, 2006, Updated June 2, 2021