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By exploiting the penetration and scattering properties of neutrons, images of matter in two or three dimensions reveal information unobtainable with other probes. Despite the limitation in brilliance of neutron sources, several neutron-based imaging techniques are essential to different aspects of modern materials science. Typical examples include evaluation of porosity in rocks and sediments, mapping of light elements in metals, non-invasive probing of cultural heritage objects, investigations of thick engineering components, and exploration of diffusion and percolation processes of fluids within living organisms or organo-inorganic composites. Novel and developing neutron imaging experiments include mapping of complex polyphasic mixtures aided by simultaneous neutron and X-ray tomography in porous media or Bragg-edge imaging for crystals, and the possibility of porosimetry from dark-field imaging.