Activation of Mechanophores in a Thermoset Matrix by Instrumented Scratch

Published

November 17, 2021

Author(s)

Chelsea S. Davis, Jeremiah Woodcock, Ryan Beams, Mitchell Rencheck, Muzhou Wang, Stephan J. Stranick, Aaron M. Forster, Jeffrey Gilman

Abstract

Scratches in polymer coatings and barrier layers negatively impact optical properties (haze, light transmission, etc.), initiate routes of degradation or corrosion (moisture permeability), and nucleate delamination of the coating. Detecting scratches in coatings on advanced materials systems is an important component of structural health monitoring, but can be difficult if the defects are too small to be detected by the naked eye. The primary focus of the present work is to investigate scratch damage using fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) and me-chanical activation of a mechanophore (MP)-containing transparent epoxy coating. The ap-proach utilizes a Berkovich tip to scratch MP-epoxy coatings under a linearly increasing normal load. The goal is to utilize the fluorescent behavior of activated MPs to enable the detection of microscale scratches and molecular scale changes in polymeric systems. Taking advantage of the amine functionality present in a polyetheramine/bisphenol A epoxy network, a modified Rhodamine dye is covalently bonded into a transparent, thermoset polymer network. Following instrumented scratch application, subsequent fluorescence imaging of the scratched MP-epoxy reveals the extent of fluorescence activation induced by the mechanical deformation. In this work, the Rhodamine-based mechanophore is used to identify both ductile and fracture-dominated processes during the scratch application. The fluorescence intensity in-creases linearly with the applied normal load and is sensitive to fracture dominated processes. Fluorescence lifetime and hyperspectral imaging of damage zones provide additional insight into the local (nanoscopic) environment and molecular structure of the MP around the fracture process zone, respectively. The mechanophore/scratch deformation approach allows a fluores-cence microscope to probe local yielding and fracture events in a powerful way that enhances the optical characterization of damage zones formed by standard scratch test methods and leads to novel defect detection strategies.

Citation

ACS Applied Polymer Materials

Pub Type

Journals

Download Paper

https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c15004

Local Download

Keywords

Instrumented scratch, epoxy, mechanophore, damage sensing, strain sensor, polymer, organic coating

Citation

Davis, C. , Woodcock, J. , Beams, R. , Rencheck, M. , Wang, M. , Stranick, S. , Forster, A. and Gilman, J. (2021), Activation of Mechanophores in a Thermoset Matrix by Instrumented Scratch, ACS Applied Polymer Materials, [online], https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c15004, https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=932591 (Accessed April 25, 2024)