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Commonly used primary calibration techniques for the measurement of liquid and gas flows are described. The techniques described include: static gravimetric and dynamic gravimetric methods for both gases and liquids, liquid piston displacement provers, gast piston provers, gas bell provers, the liquid displacement method for gas flow measurement, pressure-volume-temperature-time standards, rate of rise systems, and primary flow meters. The significant components of uncertainity and typical uncertainty levels for the various methods are discussed.
Wright, J.
(2000),
Laboratory Primary Standards, Flow Measurement, ISA, Research Triangle Park, NC, [online], https://tsapps.nist.gov/publication/get_pdf.cfm?pub_id=830669
(Accessed October 12, 2025)