Ion Frequency Standards

The following publications have been approved for release by NIST. The downloadable versions may differ slightly from the final, published versions.

1. Shon Cook, Till Rosenband, and David R. Leibrandt, "Laser-Frequency Stabilization Based on Steady-State Spectral-Hole Burning in Eu3+∶Y2SiO5", Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 253902 (2015). PDF file

2. D.R. Leibrandt, M.J. Thorpe, C.W. Chou, T.M. Fortier, S.A. Diddams, and T. Rosenband, "Absolute and relative stability of an optical frequency reference based on spectral hole burning in Eu3+:Y2SiO5," Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 237402 (2013) PDF file

3. M. Thorpe, D. Leibrandt, and T. Rosenband, "Shifts of optical frequency references based on spectral hole burning in Eu3+:Y2SiO5," New J. Phys. 15, 12 (2013). PDF file

4. D. Leibrandt, J. Bergquist, and T. Rosenband, "A cavity-stabilized laser with acceleration sensitivity below 10^{^-12}/g^{^-1}," Phys. Rev. A 87, 023829 (2013). PDF file

5. D.B. Hume, C.W. Chou, D.R. Leibrandt, M.J. Thorpe, D.J. Wineland, and T. Rosenband, "Trapped-Ion State Detection through Coherent Motion," Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 243902 (2011). PDF file

6. M.J. Thorpe, L. Rippe, T.M. Fortier, M.S. Kirchner, and T. Rosenband, "Frequency-stabilization to 6x10^{^-16} via spectral-hole burning," Nat. Photonics 10, 1038 (2011). PDF file

7. T. Rosenband, "Numerical test of few-qubit clock protocols," Proc. 2011 ICOLS Conf. 23 (2011). PDF file

8. C. Chou, D.B. Hume, M.J. Thorpe, D.J. Wineland, and T. Rosenband, "Quantum coherence between two atoms beyond Q=10^{^15}," Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 160801 (2011). PDF file

9. D. Leibrandt, M. Thorpe, M. Notcutt, R.E. Drullinger, T. Rosenband, and J.C.Bergquist, "Spherical Reference Cavities for Frequency Stabilization of Lasers in Non-Laboratory Environments," Opt. Exp. 19, 3471 (2011). PDF file

10. C.W. Chou, D. Hume, T. Rosenband, and D.J. Wineland, "Optical Clocks and Relativity," Science 329, 1630 (2010). PDF file

11. M.J. Thorpe, D. Leibrandt, T. Fortier, and T. Rosenband, "Measurement and real-time cancellation of vibration-induced phase noise in a cavity-stabilized laser," Opt. Express 18, 18744 (2010). PDF file

12. C.W Chou, D. Hume, J.C.J. Koelemeij, D.J. Wineland, and T. Rosenband, "Frequency Comparison of Two High-Accuracy Al+ Optical Clocks," Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 070802 (2010). PDF file

13. D. Hume, C.W. Chou, T. Rosenband, and D.J. Wineland, "Preparation of Dicke states in an ion chain," Phys. Rev. A. 80, 052302 (2009). PDF file

14. W.M. Itano, J.C. Bergquist, T. Rosenband, D.J. Wineland, D. Hume, C.W. Chou, S.R. Jefferts, T.P. Heavner, T.E. Parker, S.A. Diddams, and T. Fortier, "Frequency Measurements of Al+ and Hg+ Optical Standards," Proc. 2009 ICOLS Conf. 117 (2009). PDF file

15. T. Rosenband, D.B. Hume, C.W. Chou, J.C. Koelemeij, A. Brusch, S. Bickman, T.M. Fortier, J.E. Stalnaker, S.A. Diddams, N.R. Newbury, W.C. Swann, W.M. Itano, D.J. Wineland, and J.C. Bergquist, "Alpha-Dot or Not: Comparison of Two Single Atom Optical Clocks," Proc. 2008 Symp. Freq. Stds. Metrology 20 (2008). PDF file
    

16. L. Lorini, N. Ashby, A. Brusch, S. Diddams, R. Drullinger, E. Eason, T.Fortier, P. Hastings, T. Heavner, D. Hume, W. Itano, S. Jefferts, N. Newbury, T. Parker, T. Rosenband, J. Stalnaker, W. Swann, D. Wineland, and J. Bergquist, "Recent atomic clock comparisons at NIST," Eur. Phys. J. Special Topics 163, 19-35 (2008), PDF file

17. W.M. Itano, T. Rosenband, D.B. Hume, P.O. Schmidt, C.W. Chou, A. Brusch, L. Lorini, W.H. Oskay, R.E. Drullinger, S. Bickman, T.M. Fortier, J.E. Stalnaker, S.A. Diddams, W.C. Swann, N.R. Newbury, D.J. Wineland, and J.C. Bergquist, "Ratio of the Al⁺ and Hg⁺ Optical Clock Frequencies to 17 Decimal Places," Proc. International Symposium on the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics in the Light of New Technology (World Scientific, in press), PDF file

18. T. Rosenband, D. B. Hume, P. O. Schmidt, C. W. Chou, A. Brusch, L. Lorini, W. H. Oskay, R. E. Drullinger, T. M. Fortier, J. E. Stalnaker, S. A. Diddams, W. C. Swann, N. R. Newbury, W. M. Itano, D. J. Wineland, and J. C. Bergquist, "Frequency ratio of Al⁺ and Hg⁺ single-ion optical clocks; Metrology at the 17th decimal place," Science 319, 1808 - 1812 (2008). PDF file

19. T. Rosenband, D. B. Hume, A. Brusch, L. Lorini, P. O. Schmidt, T. M. Fortier, J. E. Stalnaker, S. A. Diddams, N. R. Newbury, W. C. Swann, W. H. Oskay, W. M. Itano, D. J. Wineland, and J. C. Bergquist, "Frequency comparison of Al⁺ and Hg⁺ optical standards," in Laser Spectroscopy, Proceedings of the 18th International Conference (ICOLS 2007), edited by L. Hollberg, J. Bergquist, and M. Kasevich (World Scientific, Singapore 2008) p. 297 - 302. PDF file

20. W.M. Itano, J.C. Bergquist, A. Brusch, S.A. Diddams, T.M. Fortier, T.P. Heavner, L. Hollberg, D.B. Hume, S.R. Jefferts, L. Lorini, T.E. Parker, T. Rosenband, and J.E. Stalnaker "Optical frequency standards based on mercury and aluminum ions," Proc. SPIE 6673, 667301-1 - 667303-11 (2007). PDF file

21. D. B. Hume, T. Rosenband, and D. J. Wineland, "High-fidelity adaptive qubit detection through repetitive quantum nondemolition measurements," Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 120502-1 - 120502-4 (2007). PDF file

22. T. Rosenband, P. O. Schmidt, D. B. Hume, W. M. Itano, T. M. Fortier, J. E. Stalnaker, K. Kim, S. A. Diddams, J. C. J. Koelemeij, J. C. Bergquist, and D. J. Wineland, "Observation of the ¹S₀ to ³P₀ clock transition in ²⁷Al⁺," Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 220801-1 - 220801-4 (2007). PDF file

23. T. M. Fortier, N. Ashby, J. C. Bergquist, M. J. Delaney, S. A. Diddams, T. P. Heavner, L. Hollberg, W. M. Itano, S. R. Jefferts, K. Kim, F. Levi, L. Lorini, W. H. Oskay, T. E. Parker, J. Shirley, and J. E. Stalnaker, "Precision atomic spectroscopy for improved limits on variation of the fine structure constant and local position invariance," Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 070801-1 - 070801-4 (2007). PDF file

24. T. M. Fortier, N. Ashby, J. C. Bergquist, M. J. Delaney, S. A. Diddams, T. P. Heavner, L. Hollberg, W. M. Itano, S. R. Jefferts, K. Kim, W. H. Oskay, T. E. Parker, J. Shirley, J. E. Stalnaker, F. Levi, and L. Lorini, "Improved limits of variation of the fine structure constant and violation of local position invariance," Proc. Joint Meeting IEEE Intl. Freq. Control Symp. and EFTF Conf. (2007), p. 663 - 665. PDF file

25. J. E. Stalnaker, S. A. Diddams, T. M. Fortier, K. Kim, L. Hollberg, J. C. Bergquist, W. M. Itano, M. J. Delaney, L. Lorini, W. H. Oskay, T. P. Heavner, S. R. Jefferts, F. Levi, T. E. Parker, and J. Shirley, "Optical-to-microwave frequency comparison with fractional uncertainty of 10^-15" Appl. Phys. 89, 167 - 176 (2007). PDF file

26. J. E. Stalnaker, S. A. Diddams, K. Kim, L. Hollberg, E. A. Donley, T. P. Heavner, S. R. Jefferts, F. Levi, T. E. Parker, J. C. Bergquist, W. M. Itano, M. J. Jensen, L. Lorini, W. H. Oskay, and T. M. Fortier, "Absolute optical frequency measurements with a fractional frequency uncertainty at 1 x 10^-15" Proc. 2006 IEEE Intl. Freq. Control Symp. (2006), p. 462 - 469. PDF file

27. D. J. Wineland, D. Leibfried, J. C. Bergquist, R. B. Blakestad, J. J. Bollinger, J. Britton, J. Chiaverini, R. J. Epstein, D. B. Hume, W. M. Itano, J. D. Jost, M. Knill, J. C. J. Koelemeij, C. Langer, R. Ozeri, R. Reichle, T. Rosenband, T. Schaetz, P. O. Schmidt, S. Seidelin, N. Shiga, and J. H. Wesenberg, "Trapped atomic ions and quantum information processing," in Atomic Physics 20, Proceedings of the International Conference (ICAP 2006), Innsbruck, Austria, 16-21 July 2006, edited by C. Roos, H. Haffner, and R. Blatt, AIP COnf. Proc. 869 (American Institute of Physics, 2006) p. 103 - 110. PDF file

28. T. Rosenband, W. M. Itano, P. O. Schmidt, D. B. Hume, J. C. J. Koelemeij, J. C. Bergquist, and D. J. Wineland, "Blackbody radiation shift of the ²⁷Al⁺¹S₀ to ³P₀ transition," in Proceedings of the 20th European Time and Frequency Forum, 2006, p. 289-291. PDF file

29. W.H. Oskay, S. A. Diddams, E. A. Donley, T. M. Fortier, T. P. Heavner, L. Hollberg, W.M. Itano, S. R. Jefferts, M. J. Delaney, K. Kim, F. Levi, T. E. Parker, and J.C. Bergquist, "Single-atom optical clock with high accuracy," Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 020801-1 - 020801-4 (2006). PDF file

30. W.M. Itano, "Quadrupole moments and hyperfine constants of metastable states of Ca⁺, Sr⁺, Ba⁺, Yb⁺, Hg⁺, and Au" Phys. Rev. A 73, 022510-1 - 022510-11 (2006). PDF file

31. P. O. Schmidt, T. Rosenband, J. C. J. Koelemeij, D. B. Hume, W. M. Itano, J. C. Bergquist, and D. J. Wineland, "Spectroscopy of atomic and molecular ions using quantum logic," in Non-Neutral Plasma Physics VI, Workshop on Non-Neutral Plasmas 2006, edited by M. Drewsen, U Uggerhoj, and H. Knudsen, AIP Conf. Proc. 862 (American Institute of Physics, 2006), p. 305 - 312. PDF file

32. P. O. Schmidt, T. Rosenband, C. Langer, W. M. Itano, J. C. Bergquist, and D. J. Wineland, "Spectroscopy using quantum logic," Science 309, 749-752 (2005). PDF file

33. T. Rosenband, P. O. Schmidt, J. C. J. Koelemeij, W. M. Itano, Y. Kobayashi, T. M. Fortier, S. A. Diddams, and D. J. Wineland, "Spectroscopy of a single Al⁺ ion via coupling to Be⁺," in 2005 Digest of the LEOS Summer Topical Meetings (2005), p. 103. PDF file

34. W. H. Oskay, W. M. Itano, and J. C. Bergquist, "Measurement of the quadrupole moment in the mercury ion optical clock" in 2005 Digest of the LEOS Summer Topical Meetings (2005), p. 103. PDF file

35. W.H. Oskay, W.M. Itano, and J.C. Bergquist, "Measurement of the ¹⁹⁹Hg⁺ 5d⁹6s²²D_5/2 electric quadrupole moment and a constraint on the quadrupole shift," Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 163001-1 - 163001-4 (2005). PDF file

36. W.H. Oskay, A. Bartels, S.A. Diddams, C.W. Oates, G. Wilpers, L. Hollberg, D.J. Wineland, W.M. Itano, C.E. Tanner, and J.C. Bergquist, "The mercury-ion optical clock: Towards a measurement of the quadrupole shift," Proc. 18th European Frequency and Time Forum, (CDROM), (2004) 4p. PDF file

37. J. Ye, J.-L. Peng, R. J. Jones, K. W. Holman, J. L. Hall, D. J. Jones, S. A. Diddams, J. Kitching, S. Bize, J. C. Bergquist, L. W. Hollberg, L. Robertsson, and L.-S. Ma, "Delivery of high-stability optical and microwave frequency standards over an optical fiber network," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 20, 1459-1467 (2003). PDF file

38. S. Bize, S. A. Diddams, U. Tanaka, C. E. Tanner, W. H. Oskay, R. E. Drullinger, T. E. Parker, T. P. Heavner, S. R. Jefferts, L. Hollberg, W. M. Itano, and J. C. Bergquist, "Testing the stability of fundamental constants with the ¹⁹⁹Hg⁺ single-ion optical clock," Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 150802-1 - 150802-4 (2003). PDF file

39. U. Tanaka, S. Bize, C. E. Tanner, R. E. Drullinger, S. A. Diddams, L. Hollberg, W. M. Itano, D. J. Wineland, and J. C. Bergquist, "The ¹⁹⁹Hg⁺ single ion optical clock: recent progress," J. Phys. B 36, 545-551 (2003). PDF file

40. W. H. Oskay, S. Bize, S. A. Diddams, R. E. Drullinger, T. P. Heavner, L. Hollberg, W. M. Itano, S. R. Jefferts, T. E. Parker, U. Tanaka, C. E. Tanner, and J. C. Bergquist, "The mercury-ion optical clock and the search for temporal variation of fundamental constants," Proc. 2003 Joint Meeting IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and EFTF Conference, 78-81 (2003). PDF file

41. D. J. Wineland, J. C. Bergquist, T. Rosenband, P. O. Schmidt, W. M. Itano, J. J. Bollinger, D. Leibfried, and W. H. Oskay, "Ion optical clocks and quantum information processing," Proc. 2003 Joint Meeting IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and EFTF Conference, 68-71 (2003). PDF file

42. U. Tanaka, J. C. Bergquist, S. Bize, S. A. Diddams, R. E. Drullinger, L. Hollberg, W. M. Itano, C. E. Tanner, and D. J. Wineland, "Optical frequency standards based on the ¹⁹⁹Hg⁺ ion," IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 52, 245-249 (2003). PDF file

43. L. Hollberg, S. Diddams, C. Oates, A. Curtis, S. Bize, and J. Bergquist, "Atomic clocks of the future: using the ultrafast and the ultrastable," Proceedings of the 2002 Ultrafast Phenomena Meeting, p. 170-174. PDF file

44. D. J. Wineland, J. C. Bergquist, J. J. Bollinger, R. E. Drullinger, and W. M. Itano, "Quantum computers and atomic clocks," Proceedings of the 6th Symposium on Frequency Standards and Metrology, Edited by P. Gill (World Scientific, Singapore, 2002), p. 361-368. PDF file

45. J. C. Bergquist, U. Tanaka, R. E. Drullinger, W. M. Itano, D. J. WIneland, S. A. Diddams, L. Hollberg, E. A. Curtis, C. W. Oates and Th. Udem, "A mercury-ion optical clock," Proceedings of the 6th Symposium on Frequency Standards and Metrology, Edited by P. Gill (World Scientific, Singapore, 2002), p. 99-105. PDF file

46. S. A. Diddams, Th. Udem, K. R. Vogel, L.-S. Ma, L. Robertsson, C. W. Oates, E. A. Curtis, W. M. Itano, R. E. Drullinger, D. J. Wineland, J. C. Bergquist, and L. Hollberg, "A femtosecond-laser-based optical clockwork," Proceedings of the 6th Symposium on Frequency Standards and Metrology, Edited by P. Gill (World Scientific, Singapore, 2002), p. 419-426. PDF file

47. J. C. Bergquist, S. A. Diddams, C. W. Oates, E. A. Curtis, L. Hollberg, R. E. Drullinger, W. M. Itano, D. J. Wineland, and Rh. Udem, "A single ¹⁹⁹Hg⁺ ion optical clock," in Laser Spectroscopy, Proceedings of the XV International Conference, Snowbird, Utah, 10-15 June 2001, edited by S. Chu, V. Vuletic, A. J. Kerman, and C. Chin (World Scientific, 2002) p. 106-114. PDF file

48. R. E. Drullinger, Th. Udem, S. A. Diddams, K. R. Vogel, C. W. Oates, E. A. Curtis, W. D. Lee, W. M. Itano, L. Hollberg, and J. C. Bergquist, "All optical atomic clocks based on a single mercury ion and calcium atoms," Proc. 15th European Frequency and Time Forum, Neuchatel, Switzerland, March 6-8, 2001 (Swiss Foundation for Research in Microtechnology, Neuchatel, Switzerland, 2001) p. 441-445. PDF file

49. J.C. Bergquist, S. R. Jefferts, and D. J. Wineland,"Time measurement at the millennium," Physics Today 54, 37-42 (March 2001) PDF file

50. S.A.Diddams, Th. Udem, K.R. Volgel, C.W. Oates, E.A. Curtis, W.D. Lee, W.M. Itano, R.E. Drullinger, J.C. Bergquist, and L. Hollberg,"An Optical Clock Based on a Single Trapped ¹⁹⁹Hg⁺ Ion," Science 293, 825-293 (2001) PDF file

51. J.C. Bergquist, R.J. Rafac, B.C. Young, J.A. Beall, W.M. Itano, and D.J. Wineland, "Sub-dekahertz spectroscopy of ¹⁹⁹Hg⁺," Proc. SPIE, 4269, 1-7 (2001) edited by J. L. Hall and J. Ye. PDF file

52. S.A. Diddams, Th. Udem, K.R. Vogel, C.W. Oates, E.A. Curtis, R.S. Windeler, A. Bartels, J.C. Bergquist, and L. Hollberg, "A compact femtosecond-laser-based optical clockwork," Proc. SPIE, 4269, 77-83 (2001), edited by J. L. Hall and J. Ye. PDF file

53. W.M. Itano, "External-field shifts of the ¹⁹⁹Hg⁺ optical frequency standard," J. Res. NIST. 105, 829-837 (2001). PDF file

54. L. Hollberg, C.W. Oates, E.A. Curtis, E.N. Ivanov, S.A. Diddams, Th. Udem, H.G. Robinson, J.C. Bergquist, W.M. Itano, R.E. Drullinger, and D.J. Wineland, "Optical Frequency Standards and Measurements," IEEE J. Quantum Electronics 37, 1502-1513 (2001). PDF file

55. K.R. Vogel, S.A. Diddams, C.W. Oates, E.A. Curtis, R.J. Rafac, W.M. Itano, J.C. Bergquist, R.W. Fox, W.D. Lee, J.S. Wells, and L. Hollberg, "Direct comparison between two cold-atom-based optical frequency standards using a femtosecond-laser comb," Opt. Lett. 26, 102-104 (2001). PDF file

56. D.B. Sullivan, J.C. Bergquist, R.E. Drullinger, W.M. Itano, S.R. Jefferts, W.D. Lee, D.M. Meekhof, T.E. Parker, F.L. Walls, and D.J. Wineland, "Primary Atomic Frequency Standards at NIST," NIST J. of Research 106, 47-63 (2001). PDF file

57. R.E. Drullinger, Th. Udem, S.A. Diddams, K.R. Vogel, C.W. Oates, E.A. Curtis, "All-Optical Atomic Clocks," Proc. 2001 IEEE Intl. Frequency Control (Seattle, USA) 69-75. PDF file

58. Th. Udem, S.A. Diddams, K.R. Vogel, C.W. Oates, E.A. Curtis, W.D. Lee, W.M. Itano, R.E. Drullinger, J.C. Bergquist, and L. Hollberg, "Absolute frequency measurements of the Hg⁺ and Ca optical clock transitions with a femtosecond laser," Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 4996 (2000). PDF file

59. R.J. Rafac, B.C. Young, J.A.Beall, W.M. Itano, D.J. Wineland, and J.C. Bergquist, "Sub-dekahertz ultraviolet spectroscopy of ¹⁹⁹ Hg⁺," Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 2462 (2000). PDF file

60. B. Frech, J.S. Wells, C.W. Oates, J. Mitchell, Y.-P. Lan, T. Kurosu, L.R. Zink, L. Hollberg, T.P. Zibrova, B.C. Young, and J.C. Bergquist, "Sub-Systems for Optical Frequency Measurements: Application to the 282-nm¹⁹⁹ Hg⁺ Transiton and the 657-nm Ca Line," IEEE Trans. Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Freq. Cont., 47, 513-517 (2000). PDF file

61. Th. Udem, S.A. Diddams, K.R. Vogel, C.W. Oates, E.A. Curtis, W.D. Lee, W.M. Itano, R.E. Drullinger, J.C. Bergquist, and L. Hollberg, "Absolute frequency measurements of the Hg⁺ and Ca optical clock transitions with a femtosecond laser," Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 4996 (2000). PDF file

62. B. C. Young, R. J. Rafac, J. A. Beall, F. C. Cruz, W. M. Itano, D. J. Wineland, and J. C. Bergquist, "Hg⁺ optical frequency standard: Recent progress" in Laser Spectroscopy, proceedings of the XIV International Conference, edited by R. Blatt, J. Eschner, D. Leibfried, and F. Schmidt-Kaler (World Scientific, Singapore, 1999) p. 61-70. PDF file

63. B.C. Young, F.C. Cruz, W.M. Itano, and J.C. Bergquist, "Visible lasers with subhertz linewidths," Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 3799 (1999). PDF file

64. B. C. Young, F. C. Cruz, D. J. Berkeland, R. J. Rafac, J. C. Bergquist, W. M. Itano, and D. J. Wineland, "Lasers for an optical frequency standard using trapped Hg⁺ ions," Trapped Charged Particles and Fundamental Physics, AIP Conf. Proc. 457, edited by D. H. E. Dubin and D. Schneider (American Institute of Physics, Woodbury, NY, 1999), p. 337-342. PDF file

65. B. Frech, J.S. Wells, C.W. Oates, J.B. Mitchell, L. Hollberg, Y. Lan, T. Kurosu, L.R. Zink, B.C. Young, and J.C. Bergquist, " Sub-Systems for Optical Frequency Measurements: Applications to the 282 nm¹⁹⁹ Hg⁺ Transition and the 657 nm Ca Line," Proc. Joint Mtg. 13th European Freq. and Time and 1999 IEEE Int. Freq. Cont. Symp. (Besancon, France) 630-635. PDF file

66. R.J. Rafac, B.C. Young, F.C. Cruz, J.A. Beall, J.C. Bergquist, W.M. Itano, and D.J. Wineland, "¹⁹⁹Hg⁺ Optical Frequency Standard: Progress Report," Proc. Joint Mtg. 13th European Frequency and Time Forum and 1999 IEEE Int. Freq. Cont. Symp. (Besancon, France), 676-681. PDF file

67. D.J. Berkeland, J.D. Miller, F.C. Cruz, B.C. Young, R.J. Rafac, X.-P. Huang, W.M. Itano, J.C. Bergquist, and D.J. Wineland, "High-resolution, high-accuracy spectroscopy of trapped ions," in Atomic Physics 16, proceedings of the International Conference, edited by W.E. Baylis and G.W.F. Drake, (AIP Press, 1999), pp. 29-41. PDF file

68. D. J. Berkeland, J. D. Miller, F. C. Cruz, B. C. Young, J. C. Bergquist, W. M. Itano, and D. J. Wineland, "High-accuracy microwave and optical frequency standards using laser-cooled Hg⁺ ions," Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. on Modern Problems of Laser Physics, edited by S. N. Bagayev and V. I. Denisov, Laser Physics 8, 673-678 (1998). PDF file

69. F.C. Cruz, B.C. Young, and J.C. Bergquist, "Diode-pumped Nd: FAP Laser at 1.126 ?m: A Possible Local Oscillator for a Hg⁺ Optical Frequency Standard," Appl. Opt., 37, 7801-7804 (1998). PDF file

70. D.J. Berkeland, J.C. Bergquist, W.M. Itano, J.D. Miller, B.C. Young, and D.J. Wineland, " High-Performance Trapped Hg⁺ Frequency Standards," CPEM '98 Digest (Washington DC, USA), 321-322. PDF file

71. B.C. Young, D.J. Berkeland, F.C. Cruz, J.C. Bergquist, W.M. Itano, and D.J. Wineland, "Lasers for a Trapped Hg⁺ Optical Frequency Standard," CPEM '98 Digest (Washington DC, USA), 153-154. PDF file

72. D.J. Berkeland, J.D. Miller, J.C. Bergquist, W.M. Itano, and D.J. Wineland, "High-Accuracy Frequency Standards Using Laser-Cooled Hg⁺ Ions," 1998 Intl. Freq. Cont. Symp. (Pasadena, USA), 32-36. PDF file

73. D.J. Berkeland, J.D. Miller, B.C. Young, J.C. Bergquist, W.M. Itano, and D.J. Wineland, "High-accuracy frequency standards using laser-cooled Hg⁺ ions," Methods for Ultrasensitive detection, edited by B.L. Fearey, SPIE Conf. Proc. 3270 pp. 138-146 (1998). PDF file

74. D.J. Berkeland, J.D. Miller, J.C. Bergquist, W.M. Itano, and D.J. Wineland, "Minimization of ion micromotion in a Paul trap," J. Appl. Phys. 83, 5025 (1998). PDF file

75. D.J. Berkeland, J.D. Miller, J.C. Bergquist, W.M. Itano, and D.J. Wineland, "Laser-cooled mercury ion trap frequency standard," Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 2089 (1998). PDF file

76. D.J. Berkeland, J.D. Miller, F.C. Cruz and J.C. Bergquist, W.M. Itano, and D.J. Wineland, "High-accuracy microwave and optical frequency standards in cryogenic linear ion traps," in Proc. Workshop on the Scientific Applications of Clocks in Space, November 7-8, 1996, edited by L. Maleki, JPL Publ. 97-15 (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 1997) pp. 133-142. PDF file

77. D.J. Berkeland, F.C. Cruz and J.C. Bergquist, "Sum-frequency generation of continuous-wave light at 194 nm," Appl. Opt. 36, 4159-4162 (1997). PDF file

78. J. H. Marquardt, F. C. Cruz, M. Stephens, C. W. Oates, L. Hollberg, J. C. Bergquist, D. F. Welch, D. Mehuys, and S. Sanders, "Grating-tuned semiconductor MOPA lasers for precision spectroscopy," in Application of tunable diode and other infrared sources for atmospheric studies and industrial process monitoring, edited by A. Fried, Proc. SPIE 2834, 34-40 (1996). PDF file

79. A. Steinbach, M. Rauner, F. C. Cruz, and J.C. Bergquist, "CW second harmonic generation with elliptical Gaussian beams," Opt. Commun. 123, 207-214 (1996). PDF file

80. M.E. Poitzsch, J.C. Bergquist, W.M. Itano, and D.J. Wineland, "Cryogenic linear ion trap for accurate spectroscopy," Rev. Sci. Instrum. 67, 129-134 (1996). PDF file

81. J.D. Miller, D.J. Berkeland, F.C. Cruz, J.C. Bergquist, W.M. Itano, and D.J. Wineland, "A cryogenic linear ion trap for ¹⁹⁹Hg⁺ frequency standards," Proc. 1996 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (copies available from IEEE Service Center, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331), pp. 1086-1088. PDF file

82. J.D. Miller, M.E. Poitzsch, F.C. Cruz, D.J. Berkeland, J.C. Bergquist, W.M. Itano, and D.J. Wineland, "A Cryogenic Linear Ion Trap for ¹⁹⁹Hg⁺ Frequency Standards," 1995 IEEE Int. Freq. Cont. Sym. (San Francisco, USA), 110-112. PDF file

83. J.J. Bollinger, J.D. Prestage, W.M. Itano, and D.J. Wineland, "Laser-Cooled-Atomic Frequency Standard," Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 1000-1003 (1995). PDF file

84. D.J. Wineland, J.C. Bergquist, D. Berkeland, J.J. Bollinger, F.C. Cruz, W.M. Itano, B.M. Jelenkovic, B.E. King, D.M. Meekhof, J.D. Miller, C.R. Monroe, and J.N. Tan, " Application of Laser-Cooled Ions to Frequency Standards and Metrology Proc. Fifth Symp. on Frequency Standards and Metrology, Woods Hole, MA, Oct. 16-19, pp. 11-19 (1995). PDF file

85. W.M. Itano, "High-Magnetic-Field Corrections to Cesium Hyperfine Structure," Proc. Fifth Symp. on Frequency Standards and Metrology, Woods Hole, MA, Oct. 16-19, pp. 503-504 (1995). PDF file

86. J.J. Bollinger, D.J. Wineland, W.M. Itano, and D.J. Heinzen, "Spin Squeezing Applied to Frequency Standards," Proc. Fifth Symp. on Frequency Standards and Metrology, Woods Hole, MA, Oct. 16-19, pp.107-113 (1995). PDF file

87. J. N. Tan, J.J. Bollinger, and D.J. Wineland, "Minimizing time dilation in Penning trap ion clocks," Proc. Fifth Symp. on Frequency Standards and Metrology, Woods Hole, MA, Oct. 16-19, pp.427-429 (1995). PDF file

88. J.N. Tan, J.J. Bollinger, and D.J. Wineland, "Minimizing the time-dilation shift in Penning trap atomic clocks," IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 44, 144-147 (1995). PDF file

89. M.E. Poitzsch, J.C. Bergquist, W.M. Itano, and D.J. Wineland ," Progress Toward a Cryogenic ¹⁹⁹Hg⁺ Ion Frequency Standard," Digest of 1994 Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (Boulder, USA) 31-32. PDF file

90. M.E. Poitzsch, J.E. Bergquist, W.M. Itano, and D.J. Wineland," Progress on a Cryogenic Linear Trap for ¹⁹⁹Hg⁺ Ions," Proc. 1994 IEEE Int. Freq. Control Symp. (Boston, USA), 744-746. PDF file

91. W.M. Itano and N.F. Ramsey, "The Accurate Measurement of Time," Sci. Am., 269, 56-65 (1993). PDF file

92. J.C. Bergquist, W.M. Itano, and D.J. Wineland, "Laser Stabilization to a Single Ion," Proc. Varenna School (Int. School of Physics), Enrico Fermi, Italy, June 23-July 3, 1992, in Frontiers in Laser Spectroscopy, T.W. Hansch and M. Inguscio, eds. (North Holland), pp. 359-376 (1992). PDF file

93. M.C. Raizen, J.C. Bergquist, J.M. Gilligan, W.M. Itano, and D.J. Wineland, "Linear Trap for High-Accuracy Spectroscopy of Stored Ions," J. Modern Optics 39, 233-242 (1992). PDF file

94. W.M. Itano, "Atomic Ion Frequency Standards," Proc. IEEE, 79, 936-942 (1991). PDF file

95. J.C. Bergquist, W.M. Itano, D.J. Wineland, F. Diedrich, F. Elsner, and M.G. Raizen, "Single Ion Optical Frequency Standard," Proc. 45th Ann. Symp. Freq. Control (Los Angeles, USA), 524-538 (1991). PDF file

96. J.J. Bollinger, D.J. Heinzen, W.M. Itano, S.L. Gilbert, and D.J. Wineland, "A 303 MHz Frequency Standard Based on Trapped Be⁺ Ions," IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 40, 126-128 (1991). PDF file

97. D.J. Wineland, W. M. Itano, J. C. Bergquist, J. J. Bollinger, D. J. Heinzen, C. H. Manney, F. L. Moore, M. G. Raizen, and C. S. Weimer, "Trapped-ion frequency standards," Proc. 1990 Precise Time and Time Interval Meeting, p. 53-60. PDF file

98. J.J. Bollinger, W.M. Itano, D.J. Heinzen, S.L. Gilbert, C.H. Manney, and M.G. Raizen, " Progress at NIST Toward Absolute Frequency Standards Using Stored Ions," IEEE Trans. Ultrason., Ferroeled., Freq. Cont. 37, 515-523 (1990). PDF file

99. J.C. Bergquist, W.M. Itano, F. Elsner, M.G. Raizen, and D.J. Wineland, "Single Ion Optical Spectroscopy," Proc. Light Induced Kinetic Effects on Atoms, Ions and Molecules Workshop (LIKE), Elba Island, Italy, May 2-5, pp. 291-299 (1990). PDF file

100. D.J. Wineland, J.C. Bergquist, W.M. Itano, F. Diedrich, and C.S. Weimer, "Frequency Standards in the Optical Spectrum," in The Hydrogen Atom G.F. Bassani, M. Inguscio, and T.W. Hansch, eds. (Springer Verlag), pp. 123-133 (1989). PDF file

101. J. A. Barnes and J. J. Bollinger, "Clocks, atomic and molecular," Encyclopedia of Physics, 2nd ed., edited by R. G. Lerner and G. L. Trigg (VCH Publ., Inc., New York, 1991), pp. 154-155. PDF file

102. J.C. Bergquist, F. Diedrich, W.M. Itano, and D.J. Wineland, "Hg⁺ Single Ion Spectroscopy," Proc. 9th Int. Laser Spectroscopy Conference, Laser Spectroscopy IX, M.S. Feld, J.E. Thomas, and A. Mooradian, eds. (Academic Press), pp. 274-277 (1989). PDF file

103. J. J. Bollinger, D. J. Wineland, W. M. Itano, J. C. Bergquist, and J. D. Prestage, "Frequency and time standards based on stored ions," Proc. 1988 Precise Time and Time Interval Meeting, p. 49-58. PDF file

104. J.C. Bergquist and S.Z. Xing, " Thermal Shifts of the Spectal Lines in the ⁴F_3/2 to ⁴I_11/2 Manifold of Nd: YAG Laser," IEEE J. Quantum Electron, 24, 1829-1832 (1988). PDF file

105. D.J. Wineland, W.M. Itano, J.C. Bergquist, J.J. Bollinger, F. Diedrich, and S.L. Gilbert, "High Accuracy Spectroscopy of Stored Ions, " Proc. 4th Symp. on Frequency Standards and Metrology, A. DeMarchi, ed. (Springer Verlag) Ancona, Italy, September 5-9, pp. 71-77 (1988). PDF file

106. J.C. Bergquist, F. Diedrich, W.M. Itano, and D.J. Wineland, "Hg⁺ Single Ion Spectroscopy," Proc. 4th Symp. of Frequency Standards and Metrology, Ancona, Italy, September 5-9, pp. 287-292 (1988). PDF file

107. J.J. Bollinger, S.L. Gilbert, W.M. Itano, and D.J. Wineland, "Frequency Standards Utilizing Penning Traps," Proc. 4th Symp. on Frequency Standards and Metrology, A. DeMarchi, ed. (Springer-Verlag) Ancona, Italy, September 5-9, pp. 319-325 (1988). PDF file

108. D.J. Wineland, W.M. Itano, J.C. Bergquist, and R.G. Hulet, "Laser Cooling Limits and Single Ion Spectroscopy," Phys. Rev. A 36, 2758-2762 (1987). PDF file

109. J.C. Bergquist, W.M. Itano, and D.J. Wineland, "Recoilless Optical Absorptions and Doppler Sidebands of a Single Trapped Ion," Phys. Rev. A 36, 428-430 (1987). PDF file

110. D.J. Wineland, "Frequency standards based on stored ions," Proc. I. E. E. E. 74, 147-150 (1987). PDF file

111. J.C. Bergquist, D.J. Wineland, W.M. Itano, H. Hemmati, H.-U. Daniel, and G. Leuchs, " Doppler-Free Two-Photon Laser Spectroscopy of HgII," Proc. 39th Ann. Symp. Frq. Control (Philadelphia, USA), 85-87 (1986). PDF file

112. J.C. Bergquist, D.J. Wineland, W.M. Itano, H. Hemmati, H.-U. Daniel, and G. Leuchs, "Energy and Radiative Lifetime of the 5d⁹6s²²D_5/2 State in HgII by Doppler-Free Two Photon Laser Spectroscopy," Phys. Rev. Lett 55, 1567-1570 (1985). PDF file

113. J.J. Bollinger, J.D. Prestage, W.M. Itano, and D.J. Wineland, "Laser-cooled-atomic frequency standard," Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 1000-1003 (1985). PDF file

114. D.J. Wineland, "Spectroscopy of stored ions," in Precision Measurement and Fundamental Constants II, edited by B. N. Taylor and W. D. Phillips, NBS Spec. Pub. 617 (1984), p. 83-92. PDF file

115. W. M. Itano, D.J. Wineland, J. C. Bergquist, and F. L. Walls, "Progress toward a stored ion frequency standard at the National Bureau of Standards," in Precision Measurement and Fundamental Constants II, edited by B. N. Taylor and W. D. Phillips, NBS Spec. Pub. 617 (1984), p. 93-97. PDF file

116. H. Hemmati, J.C. Bergquist, and W.M. Itano, "Generation of Continuous-Wave 194-nm Radiation by Sum-Freauency Mixing in an External Ring Cavity," Opt. Lett, 8, 73-75 (1983). PDF file

117. D. J. Wineland, W.M. Itano, J. C. Bergquist, and H. Hemmati, "Frequency standard research using stored ions," in Laser-Cooled and Trapped Ions, Proceedings of the Workshop on Spectroscopic Applications of Slow Atomic Beams, edited by W. D.Phillips, NBS Spec. Pub. 653 (1983), p. 19-25. PDF file

118. J.J. Bollinger, W.M. Itano, and D.J. Wineland, "Laser Cooled ⁹Be⁺ Accurate Clock," Proc. 37th Ann. Symp. Freq. Control (Philadelphia, USA), 37-41 (1983). PDF file

119. W.M. Itano, D.J. Wineland, H. Hemmati, J.C. Bergquist, and J.J. Bollinger, "Time and Frequency Standards Based on Charged Particle Trapping," IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 30, 1521-1523 (1983). PDF

120. D.J. Wineland, W.M. Itano, J.C. Bergquist, and F.L. Walls, "Proposed Stored ²⁰¹Hg⁺ Ions Frequency Standards," Proc. 35th Ann. Symp. Frq. Contro. (Philadelphia, USA), 602-611 (1981). PDF file

121. D.J. Wineland, J.C. Bergquist, R.E. Drullinger, H. Hemmati, W.M. Itano and F.L. Walls, "Laser Cooled, Stored Ion Experiments at NBS and Possible Applications to Microwave and Optical Frequency Standards," J. Phys. Colloque C8 , 307-313 (1981). PDF file

122. W.M. Itano, L.L. Lewis, and D.J. Wineland, "Shift of ²S_1/2 Hyperfine Splittings Due to Blackbody Radiation and Its Influence on Frequency Standards," J. Phys. (Paris) Colloque C8, 283-287 (1981). PDF file

123. D.J. Wineland, "Prospects for stored ion frequency standards," Proc. 1981 Precise Time and Time Interval Meeting, p. 579-591. PDF file

124. J.C. Bergquist and D.J. Wineland, "Laser to Microwave Frequency Division Using Synchrotron Radiation II," Symp. Freq. Control (Atlantic City, USA), 494-497 (1979). PDF file

125. D.J. Wineland, "Laser-To-Microwave Frequency Division Using Synchrotron Radiation," J. Appl. Phys. 50, 2528-2532 (1979). PDF file

126. F.L. Walls, D.J. Wineland, and R.E. Drullinger, "New Possibilities for Frequency Standards Using Laser Cooling and Detection of Stored Ions," Proc 32nd Ann. Symp. Freq. Control (Atlantic City, USA), 453-459 (1978). PDF file