

        NISTIR 89-4122

        ESTIMATING THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE RESPONSE OF SPRINKLER
        LINKS IN COMPARTMENT FIRES WITH DRAFT CURTAINS AND FUSIBLE
        LINK-ACTUATED CEILING VENTS - PART II: USER GUIDE FOR THE COMPUTER
        CODE LAVENT
        __________________________________________________________________




        William D. Davis and Leonard Y. Cooper




        U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
        National Institute of Standards and Technology
        (Formerly National Bureau of Standards)
        National Engineering Laboratory
        Center for Fire Research
        Gaithersburg, MD 20899





        July 1989




        Sponsored by:
        AAMA Research Foundation
        2700 River Road, Suite 118
        Des Plaines, Illinois   60018











                                                                 

        U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Robert Mosbacher, Secretary
        NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY
        Raymond G. Kammer, Acting Director


                                 TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                                                        Page

     LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  iv

     LIST OF TABLES  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   v

     ABSTRACT  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   1

     1.  Introduction - The Phenomena Simulated by LAVENT  . . . . . . .   3

     2.  The Default Simulation  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   4

     3.  Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   6

     4.  The Base Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   7
          4.1  Room Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   8
          4.2  Physical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  10
          4.3  Output Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
          4.4 Fusible Link Properties  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  12
          4.5  Fire Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  14

     5.  File Status - Running the Code  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  17

     6.  The Output Variables and the Output Options . . . . . . . . . .  18

     7.  An Example Simulation - The Default Case  . . . . . . . . . . .  20

     8.  Acknowledgements  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21

     9.  References  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  21

     APPENDIX - Solver Parameters  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  23


















                                         iii



                                  LIST OF FIGURES

                                                                        Page
     Figure 1.  Fire in a building with draft curtains and fusible-link-
                   actuated ceiling vents and sprinklers.  . . . . . . .  25
     Figure 2.  Vent and sprinkler spacing and fire location for the
                   default simulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
     Figure 3.  Energy-release-rate vs time for the fire of the default
                   simulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  25
     Figure 4.  Tabular format for the output - the default simulation.   26
     Figure 5.  Plot of the height of the smoke layer interface vs time
                   for the default simulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
     Figure 6.  Plot of the temperature of the smoke layer vs time for
                   the default simulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  38
     Figure 7.  Plot of the closest (R = 21.2 ft) vent-link temperatures
                   vs time for the default simulation. . . . . . . . . .  38
     Figure 8.  Plot of the far (R = 44.3 ft) pair of vent-link
                   temperatures vs time for the default simulation.  . .  38
     Figure 9.  Plot of the closest (R = 6.0 ft) sprinkler-link
                   temperatures vs time for the default simulation.  . .  38































                                         iv



                                  LIST OF TABLES

                                                                        Page

     Table 1.  Energy-release-rate per unit area for limited-growth fires
                  in different commodities (from Table 4-1 of [4]).  . .  24













































                                          v


         Estimating the Environment and the Response of Sprinkler Links in
          Compartment Fires with Draft Curtains and Fusible-Link-Actuated
         Ceiling Vents - Part II: User Guide for the Computer Code LAVENT


                      William D. Davis and Leonard Y. Cooper


                                     ABSTRACT

        This is a User Guide for the computer code LAVENT (Link-Actuated
        VENTs) and an associated graphics code GRAPH.  LAVENT has been
        developed to simulate the environment and the response of sprinkler
        links in compartment fires with draft curtains and fusible-link-
        actuated ceiling vents.

        A fire scenario simulated by LAVENT is defined by the following
        input parameters: area and height of the curtained space; floor-to-
        bottom-of-curtain separation distance; length of the curtain (a
        portion of the perimeter of the curtained space can include floor-
        to-ceiling walls); thickness and properties of the ceiling material
        (density, thermal conductivity, and heat capacity); constants which
        define a specified time-dependent energy-release-rate of the fire;
        fire elevation; area or characteristic energy-release-rate per unit
        area of the fire; total area of ceiling vents whose openings are
        actuated by a single fusible link (multiple vent-area/link system
        combinations are allowed in any particular simulation); and
        identifying numbers of fusible links used to actuate single
        sprinkler heads or groups of sprinkler heads (multiple sprinkler
        links are allowed in any particular simulation).

        The characteristics of the simulated fusible links are defined by
        the following input parameters: radial distance of the link from the
        fire/ceiling impingement point; ceiling/link-separation distance;
        link fuse temperature; and the response-time-index (RTI) of the
        link.

        For any particular run of LAVENT, the code outputs 1) a summary of
        the input information and 2) simulation results of the calculation,
        in tabular form, at uniform simulation-time intervals requested by
        the user.  The output results include: temperature of the upper
        smoke layer; height of the smoke-layer interface; total mass in the
        layer; fire energy-release-rate; radial distributions of the lower
        ceiling surface temperature; radial distribution of heat-transfer
        rates to the lower and upper ceiling surfaces; and for each link,
        the temperature, and the local velocity and temperature of the
        ceiling jet.

        The use of LAVENT is presented by a series of exercises in which the
        reader reviews and modifies a default input data file which
        describes vent and sprinkler actuation during fire growth in an
        array of wood pallets located in a warehouse-type occupancy. 
        Results of the default simulation are discussed.


        LAVENT is written in FORTRAN 77.  The executable code operates on
        IBM PC- compatible computers and requires a minimum of 300 kilobytes
        of memory.


        Keywords:     building fires; compartment fires; computer models;
                      fire models; mathematical models; vents; sprinkler
                      response; zone models.













































                                          2

        1.  Introduction - The Phenomena Simulated by LAVENT

        This is a User Guide for the computer code LAVENT (Link-Actuated
        VENTs).  LAVENT has been developed to simulate the environment and
        the response of sprinkler links in compartment fires with draft
        curtains and fusible-link-actuated ceiling vents.

        Figure 1 depicts the generic fire scenario simulated by LAVENT. 
        This involves a fire in a building space with ceiling-mounted draft
        curtains and near-ceiling fusible-link-actuated ceiling vents and
        sprinklers.  The curtained area can be considered as one of several
        such spaces in a single large building compartment.  By specifying
        the curtains to be deep enough they can be thought of as simulating
        the walls of a single uncurtained compartment, well-ventilated near
        the floor.

        The fire generates a mixture of gaseous and solid-soot combustion
        products.  Because of high temperature, buoyancy forces drive the
        products upward toward the ceiling forming a plume of upward moving
        hot gases and particulates.  Cool gases are laterally entrained and
        mixed with the plume flow, reducing its temperature as it continues
        its ascent to the ceiling.

        When the hot plume flow impinges on the ceiling, it spreads under
        it, forming a relatively thin, high-temperature ceiling-jet.  There
        is reciprocal convective cooling and heating of the ceiling-jet and
        the cooler lower ceiling surface, respectively.  The lower ceiling
        surface is also heated due to radiative transfer from the combustion
        zone and cooled due to re-radiation to the floor of the compartment. 
        The compartment floor is assumed to be at ambient temperature.  The
        upper ceiling surface is cooled as a result of convection and
        radiation to a far-field, ambient-temperature environment.

        When the ceiling jet reaches a bounding vertical draft curtain or
        wall surface, its flow is redistributed across the entire curtained
        area and begins to form a relatively quiescent, now-somewhat-
        reduced-temperature smoke layer which submerges the continuing
        ceiling-jet flow activity.  The upper smoke layer grows in
        thickness.  Away from bounding surfaces, the time dependent layer
        temperature is assumed to be relatively uniform throughout its
        thickness.  (Note that the thickness and temperature of the smoke
        layer affects the upper-plume characteristics, the ceiling-jet
        characteristics, and heat-transfer exchanges to the ceiling.)

        If the height of the bottom of the smoke layer drops to the bottom
        of the draft curtain and continues downward, the smoke will begin to
        flow below the curtain into the adjacent curtained spaces.  The
        growth of the upper layer will be retarded.

        Fusible links, designed to actuate the opening of ceiling vents and
        the onset of water flow through sprinkler heads, are deployed at
        specified distances below the ceiling and at specified radial

                                          3

        distances from the plume/ceiling impingement point.  These links are
        submerged within the relatively high- temperature, high-velocity
        ceiling-jet flow.  Since the velocity and temperature of the ceiling
        jet varies with location and time, so would the heat transfer to and
        time-of-fusing of any particular link design.

        The fusing of a ceiling-vent link leads to the opening of all vents
        "ganged" to that link.  Once a ceiling vent is open, smoke will flow
        out of the curtained space.  Again, as when smoke flows below the
        curtains, growth of the upper layer thickness will be retarded.

        The fusing of a sprinkler link initiates flow of water through the
        sprinkler head.

        All of the above phenomena, up to the time that water flow through a
        sprinkler head would be initiated, are simulated by LAVENT.  Results
        can not be used after water begins to flow through a sprinkler head.

        A detailed programmer guide to the LAVENT computer code will be
        presented in [1].  The physical basis and the model equations for
        the code have been developed and presented in [2] with an overview
        in [3].


        2.  The Default Simulation

        Use of LAVENT will be discussed and illustrated below by going
        through exercises in reviewing and/or modifying the LAVENT default-
        simulation input file.  To appreciate the process better, a brief
        description of the default simulation will be presented at the
        outset.

        Refer to Figure 2.  The default scenario involves a 84.0 ft x 84.0
        ft curtained compartment (7056.0 ft^2 in area) with the ceiling
        located 30.0 ft above the floor.  A draft curtain 15.0 ft in depth
        surrounds completely and defines the compartment which is one of
        several such compartments in a larger building space.  The ceiling
        is constructed of a relatively thin sheet-steel lower surface which
        is well-insulated from above.

        The curtained compartment has four, uniformly spaced, 48.0 ft^2
        ceiling vents with a total area of 192 ft^2, or 2.7 percent of the
        compartment area.  Opening of the ceiling vents is actuated by
        quick-response fusible links with RTIs of 50.0 (ft s)^(1/2) and fuse
        temperatures of 165.0 F.  The links are located at the centers of
        the vents and 0.3 ft below the ceiling surface.

        Fusible-link-actuated sprinkler heads are deployed on a square grid
        with 12.0 ft spacing between heads.  The links have RTIs of 400.0
        (ft s)^(1/2) and fuse temperatures of 165.0 F.  The heads and links
        are mounted 1.0 ft below the ceiling surface.


                                          4

        The simulation fire involves four abutting 5.0 ft-high stacks of 5.0
        ft x 5.0 ft wood pallets.  The combined grouping of pallets makes up
        a combustible array 10.0 ft x 10.0 ft (100 ft^2 in area) on the
        floor and 5.0 ft in height.  It is assumed that other combustibles
        in the curtained compartment are far enough away from this array
        that they will not be ignited in the time interval to be simulated.

        The total energy-release-rate of the simulation fire, Qdot, is
        assumed to grow from ignition, at time t = 0, in proportion to t^2. 
        According to the guidance
        in Table 4-2 of [4], in the growth phase of the fire Qdot is taken
        specifically as


          Qdot = 1000.[t/(130 s)]^2 BTU/s


        The fire grows according to the above estimate until the
        combustibles are fully involved.  Then it is assumed that Qdot
        levels off to a relatively constant value.  Following again the
        guidance of [4] (see Table 1), it is estimated that at the fully
        developed stage of the fire the total energy-release-rate for the
        5.0 ft high stack of wood pallets will be 330. (BTU/s)/ft^2, or
        33000. BTU/s for the entire 100. ft^2 array.  The above equation
        leads to the result that the fully developed stage of the fire will
        be initiated at 747 s.

        A plot of the fire growth according to the above description is
        presented in Figure 3.  In the actual calculation, the fire's
        instantaneous energy-release-rate is estimated by interpolating
        linearly between a series of N input data points at times tn, n = 1
        to N, on the fire-growth curve.  These points are defined by user-
        specified values of [tn, Qdot (tn)].  For times larger than tN, the
        fire's energy-release-rate is assumed to stay constant at Qdot (tN). 
        The calculation fire-growth curve involves six input data points,
        i.e., N = 6.  These points are plotted in Figure 3.

        The position of the center of the fire is identified in Figure 2. 
        In terms of this plan view, the fire is assumed to be located at the
        midpoint of a 12.0 ft line between two sprinkler links, at a
        distance of 21.2 ft from each of the two closest equidistant vents
        (total area of 96.0 ft^2), and at a distance of 44.3 ft from the
        remaining two equidistant vents (total area of 96.0 ft^2).  Of the
        sprinklers and associated links, two are closest and equidistant to
        the fire-plume axis at radial distances of 6.0 ft.  Note from Figure
        2 that the second and third closest groups of sprinkler heads and
        links are at radial distances of 13.4 ft (four heads and links) and
        18.0 ft (two heads and links).  In the default calculation, opening
        of each of the four vents occurs, and flow out of the vents is
        initiated at the simulated time of fusing of their associated links, 
        Also simulated in the default calculation is the thermal response,


                                          5

        including time-of-fusing, of the pair of sprinkler links closest to
        the fire.

        As a final specification of the fire, it is assumed that the
        characteristic elevation of the fire remains at a fixed value, 2.5
        ft above the floor, at the initial mid-elevation of the array of
        combustibles.

        For the purpose of the default calculation, the simulation will be
        carried out to t = 400. s, with data output every 30. s.

        Having described the default simulation, the procedure for getting
        started and using LAVENT is now presented.


        3.  Getting Started

        The executable code, LAVENT.EXE, is found on the floppy disk. 
        Before using it, backup copies should be made.  If the user has a
        hard drive, a separate directory should be created and the
        executable code copied into that directory.  The code operates on an
        IBM PC* or compatible containing a math coprocessor.  It is written
        in Fortran 77 and requires a minimum of 300 kilobytes of memory.

        To execute LAVENT, change to the proper directory or insert a floppy
        disk containing a copy of the executable code and enter LAVENT
        [ret].  Here [ret] refers to the ENTER or RETURN key.  The first
        prompt will be:


          ENTER 1 FOR ENGLISH UNITS, 2 FOR METRIC UNITS


        The program has a unit conversion routine and will transform files
        that are in one set of units to the other set.  The code executes in
        SI units and so conversion is only done on input and output in order
        to avoid rounding errors.
        For the purposes of "getting started," choose Option 1, ENGLISH
        UNITS.  Enter 1 [ret].  The following menu will be displayed on the
        screen:


          1       READ AND RUN A DATA FILE
          2       READ AND MODIFY A DATA FILE
          3       MODIFY THE DEFAULT CASE TO CREATE A NEW FILE
          4       RUN THE DEFAULT CASE


        If Options 1 or 2 are chosen, the program will ask for the name of
        the data file that will be used.  If the chosen file resides on the
        hard disk, this question should be answered by typing the path of
        the file name, for example C:\subdirectory\filename.  If the file is

                                          6

        on a floppy disk, type A:filename or B:filename depending on whether
        the A or B drive is being used.  It is suggested that all data files
        use a common extender such as .DAT in order to facilitate
        identification of these files.

        A first-time user should select Option 4 RUN THE DEFAULT CASE by
        entering 4 [ret].  This will insure that the code has been
        transferred intact.  A copy of the default-case output is presented
        in Figure 4.  As a point of information, the time required to carry
        out the default simulation on the Compaq 386/20e* and the IBM AT* is
        approximately 12 and 90 minutes, respectively.

        Now restart the code and at this point choose Option 3 MODIFY THE
        DEFAULT CASE to review and modify the default input data.  Enter 3
        [ret].

        * The use of trade names are for clarification only, and should not
        be construed as endorsement by the National Institute of Standards
        and Technology.


        4.  The Base Menu

        When Option 3 MODIFY THE DEFAULT CASE is chosen, the following menu
        is displayed:


          1       ROOM PROPERTIES
          2       PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
          3       OUTPUT PARAMETERS
          4       FUSIBLE LINK PROPERTIES
          5       FIRE PROPERTIES
          6       SOLVER PARAMETERS
          0       NO CHANGES


        This will be referred to as the "base menu."

        Entering the appropriate option number of the base menu and then
        [ret] will always transfer the user to the indicated item on the
        menu.  Entering a zero will transfer the user to the file status
        portion of the input section to be discussed in Section 5.

        The next five sections will discuss data entry under Options 1
        through 5 of the base menu.  Option 6 SOLVER PARAMETERS will
        typically not be required.  For this reason data entry for Option 6
        will be discussed in the Appendix.

        Now choose Option 1 ROOM PROPERTIES of the base menu to review
        and/or modify the default room-property input data.  Enter 1 [ret].



                                          7

        4.1  Room Properties

        When Option 1 ROOM PROPERTIES of the base menu is chosen, the
        following room- properties menu is displayed:


          1            30.00000      CEILING HEIGHT (FT)
          2            84.00000      ROOM LENGTH (FT)
          3            84.00000      ROOM WIDTH (FT)
          4             2            NUMBER OF VENTS, ETC.
          5           336.00000      CURTAIN LENGTH (FT)
          6            15.00000      HEIGHT TO BOTTOM OF CURTAIN (FT)
          0                          TO CHANGE NOTHING


        All input values are expressed in either Scientific Internationale
        or English units and the units are prompted on the input menus.

        Note that the default number of vents is 2 and not 4 since the
        symmetry of the default scenario, as indicated in Figure 2, leads to
        "ganged" operation of each of two pairs of the four vents involved.

        To change an input value in the above room-properties menu, for
        example, to change the ceiling height from 30. ft to 20. ft, the
        user would enter 1 [ret] and 20. [ret].  The screen would refresh
        with the new value of 20. ft for the ceiling height.  This or other
        values on this screen may be changed by repeating the process.

        THE USER IS WARNED THAT IT IS CRITICAL TO END EACH ENTRY NUMBER WITH
        A DECIMAL POINT WHEN A NON-INTEGER NUMBER IS INDICATED (I.E., WHEN
        THE SCREEN DISPLAY SHOWS A DECIMAL POINT FOR THAT ENTRY).  THE USER
        IS WARNED FURTHER THAT THE CODE WILL ATTEMPT TO RUN WITH ANY
        SPECIFIED INPUT FILE, AND THAT IT WILL NOT DISTINGUISH BETWEEN
        REALISTIC AND UNREALISTIC INPUT VALUES.

        Option 6 HEIGHT TO BOTTOM OF CURTAIN of the room-properties menu is
        used to define the height above the floor of the bottom of the
        curtain.  As can be seen, in the default data this is chosen as 15.
        ft.  When this height is chosen to be identical to the ceiling
        height, the user will always define the very special idealized
        simulation associated with an extensive, unconfined-ceiling fire
        scenario (i.e., by whatever means, it is assumed that the flow of
        the ceiling jet is extracted from the compartment at the extremities
        of the ceiling).  Under such a simulation, an upper layer never
        develops in the compartment.  The lower ceiling surface and fusible
        links will be submerged in and respond to an unconfined ceiling jet
        environment which is unaffected by layer growth.  This idealized
        fire scenario, involving the unconfined ceiling, is the one used,
        for example, in [5] to simulate ceiling response and in [6] and [7]
        to simulate sprinkler response.



                                          8

        Choice of some options on a menu, such as Option 4 NUMBER OF VENTS,
        ETC. of the room-properties menu, will lead to a subsequent
        display/requirement of additional associated input data.  Menu
        options requiring multiple-entries are indicated by use of "ETC." 
        In the case of Option 4 NUMBER OF VENTS, ETC., three values will be
        involved for each vent or group-of-vents actuated by a fusible link. 
        As indicated above under Option 4 NUMBER OF VENTS, ETC., the default
        data describe a scenario with two vents or groups-of-vents.

        Now choose Option 4 NUMBER OF VENTS, ETC. to review and modify the
        default input data associated with these two vents or group-of-
        vents.  Enter 4 [ret].  The following is displayed on the screen:


          VENT NO.=    1 FUSIBLE LINK =    2 VENT AREA =       96.00000 FT2
          VENT NO.=    2 FUSIBLE LINK =    3 VENT AREA =       96.00000 FT2

          ENTER 6 TO REMOVE A VENT
          ENTER VENT NO., LINK NO., AND VENT AREA (FT2) TO ADD OR MODIFY A
        VENT
          MAXIMUM NO. OF VENTS IS 5
          ENTER 0 TO RETURN TO THE MENU


        This display indicates that the two simulated vents or group-of-
        vents are numbered 1 (VENT NO.=    1) and 2 (VENT NO.=    2), that
        these are actuated by fusible links numbered 2 (FUSIBLE LINK =    2)
        and 3 (FUSIBLE LINK =    3), respectively, and that each of the two
        vents or groups-of-vents have a total area of 96. ft^2 (VENT AREA =
        96.00000 FT2).

        In the default fire scenario it would be of interest to study the
        effect of ganging the operation of all of the four vents (total area
        192. ft^2) to fusing of the closest vent link.  To do so it would be
        necessary to first remove vent number 2, as identified in the above
        menu, and then to modify the area of vent number 1.

        To remove vent number 2 enter 6 [ret].  The following is now
        displayed on the screen:


          ENTER NUMBER OF VENT TO BE ELIMINATED
          ENTER 0 TO RETURN TO MENU


        Now enter 2 [ret].  This completes removal of vent 2, with the
        following revised display on the screen:


          VENT NO.=    1 FUSIBLE LINK =    2 VENT AREA =       96.00000 FT2

          ENTER 6 TO REMOVE A VENT

                                          9

          ENTER VENT NO., LINK NO., AND VENT AREA (FT2) TO ADD OR MODIFY A
        VENT
          MAXIMUM NO. OF VENTS IS 5
          ENTER 0 TO RETURN TO THE MENU


        Now modify the characteristics of vent number 1.  To do this enter 1
        [ret], 2 [ret], 192. [ret].  The screen will now display:



          VENT NO.=    1 FUSIBLE LINK =    2 VENT AREA =      192.00000 FT2

          ENTER 6 TO REMOVE A VENT
          ENTER VENT NO., LINK NO., AND VENT AREA (FT2) TO ADD OR MODIFY A
        VENT
          MAXIMUM NO. OF VENTS IS 5
          ENTER 0 TO RETURN TO THE MENU


        To add or reimplement vent number 2, actuated by link number 3, and
        of area 96. ft^2, enter 2 [ret], 3[ret], 96. [ret].  Now return to
        the original default scenario by bringing the area of vent number 1
        back to its original 96. ft^2 value; enter 1[ret], 2 [ret], and 96.
        [ret].

        The user may now continue to modify or add additional ceiling vents
        or return to the room-properties menu by entering 0 [ret].  If the
        user tries to associate a vent with a link not yet entered in the
        program, the code will warn the user, give the maximum number of
        links available in the present data set, and request a new link
        value.  If the user deletes a link that is assigned to a vent, the
        code will assign the link with the next smallest number to that
        vent.  The best method for assigning vents to links is to first use
        Option 4 FUSIBLE LINK PROPERTIES of the base menu (to be discussed
        in Section 4.4) to assign the link parameters and then to use Option
        1 ROOM PROPERTIES followed by the NUMBER OF VENTS, ETC. option to
        assign vent properties.

        Now return to the room-properties menu by entering 0 [ret], and then
        to the base menu by entering 0 [ret] again.

        With the base menu back on the screen, choose Option 2 PHYSICAL
        PROPERTIES to review and/or modify the default room-property input
        data.  Enter 2 [ret].


        4.2  Physical Properties

        When Option 2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES of the base menu is chosen, the
        following physical properties menu is displayed:


                                         10


          MATERIAL =                 INSULATED DECK (SOLID POLYSTYRENE)
          HEAT CONDUCTIVITY =          2.400E-05 (BTU/S LB F)
          HEAT CAPACITY =              2.770E-01 (BTU/LB F)
          DENSITY =                    6.550E+01 (LB/FT3)

          1             80.00000      AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (F)
          2              0.50000      MATERIAL THICKNESS (FT)
          3      MATERIAL =           INSULATED DECK (SOLID POLYSTYRENE)
          0                           CHANGE NOTHING


        The values in Options 1 and 2 are modified by entering the option
        number and then the new value.

        Now choose Option 3.  Enter 3 [ret].  The following menu is
        displayed:


          1      CONCRETE
          2      BARE METAL DECK
          3      INSULATED DECK (SOLID POLYSTYRENE)
          4      WOOD
          5      OTHER


        By choosing one of Options 1 through 4 of this menu, the user
        specifies the material properties of the ceiling according to the
        table of standard material properties in [8].  When the option
        number of one of these materials is chosen, the material name,
        thermal conductivity, heat capacity, and density are displayed on
        the screen as part of an updated physical properties menu.
        Now choose Option 5 OTHER.  Enter 5 [ret].  The following screen is
        displayed:


          ENTER MATERIAL NAME
          THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (BTU/S FT F)
          HEAT CAPACITY (BTU/LB F)
          DENSITY (LB/FT3)


        The four indicated inputs are required.  After these are entered,
        the screen returns to an updated physical properties menu.

        Now return to the default material, INSULATED DECK (SOLID
        POLYSTYRENE).  To do so enter any arbitrary material name with any
        three property values (enter MATERIAL [ret], 1. [ret], 1., [ret], 1.
        [ret]); then choose Option 3 MATERIAL from the menu displayed (enter
        3 [ret]); and, from the final menu displayed, choose Option 3
        INSULATED DECK (SOLID POLYSTYRENE) (enter 3 [ret]).


                                         11

        Now return to the base menu.  Enter 0 [ret].  Choose Option 3 OUTPUT
        PARAMETERS of the base menu to review and/or modify the default
        output-parameter data.  Enter 3 [ret].


        4.3  Output Parameters

        When Option 3 OUTPUT PARAMETERS of the base menu is chosen, the
        following output-parameters menu is displayed:


          1        400.000000         FINAL TIME (S)
          2         30.000000         OUTPUT INTERVAL (S)
          0                           CHANGE NOTHING


        The FINAL TIME represents the ending time of the calculation.  The
        OUTPUT INTERVAL controls the time interval between successive
        outputs of the calculation results.  All times are in seconds.  For
        example, assume that it is desired to run a fire scenario for 500. s
        with an output of results each 10. s.  Then first choose Option 1
        with a value of 500. (enter 1 [ret], 500. [ret]), and then Option 2
        with a value of 10. (enter 2 [ret], 10. [ret]).  The following
        revised output-parameters menu is displayed:


          1        500.000000         FINAL TIME (S)
          2         10.000000         OUTPUT INTERVAL (S)
          0                           CHANGE NOTHING


        Return to the original default output-parameters menu by entering 1
        [ret], 400. [ret], followed by 2 [ret], 30. [ret].

        Now return to the base menu from the output-parameters menu by
        entering 0 [ret].

        With the base menu back on the screen, choose Option 4 FUSIBLE LINK
        PROPERTIES to review and/or modify the default fusible-link-
        properties data.  Enter 4 [ret].


        4.4 Fusible Link Properties

        When Option 4 FUSIBLE LINK PROPERTIES of the base menu is chosen,
        the following fusible-link-properties menu is displayed:


          TO ADD OR CHANGE A LINK,
          ENTER LINK NO., RADIUS (FT), DISTANCE BELOW CEILING (FT),
          RTI (SQRT[FT S]), AND FUSE TEMPERATURE (F).
          MAXIMUM NUMBER OF LINKS EQUAL 10.

                                         12

          ENTER 11 TO REMOVE A LINK.
          ENTER 0 TO RETURN TO THE MENU.

                                   DISTANCE (FT)                     FUSE
          LINK #  RADIUS (FT)  BELOW CEILING  RTI SQRT(FT S)  TEMPERATURE
          (F)
             1        6.000        1.000          400.000         165.000
             2       21.200        0.300           50.000         165.000
             3       44.300        0.300           50.000         165.000


        Each fusible link must be assigned a link number (e.g., LINK # = 1),
        radial position from the plume-ceiling impingement point (e.g.,
        RADIUS = 6.00 FT), ceiling-to-link separation distance (e.g.,
        DISTANCE BELOW CEILING = 1.00 FT), response-time-index (e.g., RTI =
        400.00 SQRT[FT S]), and fuse temperature (e.g., FUSE TEMPERATURE =
        165.00 F).

        Suppose that in the default fire scenario it was desired to simulate
        the thermal response of the group of (four) sprinkler links second
        closest to the fire.  According to the description of Section 2 and
        Figure 2, this would be done by adding a fourth link, link number 4,
        at a radial distance of 13.4 ft, 1.0 ft below the ceiling, with an
        RTI of 400.0 [ft s]^(1/2) and a fusion temperature of 165.0 F.  To
        do this enter 4 [ret], 13.4. [ret], 1. [ret], 400. [ret], 165.
        [ret].  Then the following screen is displayed:

          TO ADD OR CHANGE A LINK,
          ENTER LINK NO., RADIUS (FT), DISTANCE BELOW CEILING (FT),
          RTI (SQRT[FT S]), AND FUSE TEMPERATURE (F).
          MAXIMUM NUMBER OF LINKS EQUAL 10.
          ENTER 11 TO REMOVE A LINK.
          ENTER 0 TO RETURN TO THE MENU.

                               DISTANCE (FT)                      FUSE
          LINK #  RADIUS (FT)  BELOW CEILING  RTI SQRT(FT S)  TEMPERATURE(F)
             1        6.000        1.000          400.000        165.000
             2       13.400        1.000          400.000        165.000
             3       21.200        0.300           50.000        165.000
             4       44.300        0.300           50.000        165.000


        Note that the new link, which was entered as link number 4, was
        sorted automatically into the list of the original three links and
        that all four links were renumbered according to radial distance
        from the fire.  The original link-vent assignments are preserved in
        this operation.  Hence, the user need not return to Option 4, NUMBER
        OF VENTS, ETC., unless it is desired to reassign link-vent
        combinations.

        A MAXIMUM OF 10 LINK RESPONSES CAN BE SIMULATED IN ANY ONE
        SIMULATION.

                                         13


        Now remove link number 2 to return to the original default array of
        links.  To do so enter 11 [ret].  The following screen is displayed:


          ENTER THE NUMBER OF THE LINK TO BE REMOVED


        Enter 2 [ret] to remove link 2.

        Now return to the base menu from the fusible-link-properties menu by
        entering 0 [ret].

        With the base menu back on the screen, choose Option 5 FIRE
        PROPERTIES to review and/or modify the default fire-properties data. 
        Enter 5 [ret].


        4.5  Fire Properties

        When Option 5  FIRE PROPERTIES from the base menu is chosen, the
        following fire-properties menu is displayed:


          1              2.5      FIRE HEIGHT (FT)
          2            330.0      FIRE POWER/AREA (BTU/S FT2), ETC.
          3                       FIRE OUTPUT AS A FUNCTION OF TIME
          0                       CHANGE NOTHING


        The value associated with Option 1 is the height of the base of the
        fire above the floor.  Change this to 3 ft, for example, by entering
        1 [ret] and 3. [ret].  Then return to the default data by entering 1
        [ret] and 2.5 [ret].

        The value associated with Option 2 is the fire-energy-release rate-
        per-fire area.  It is also possible to consider simulations where
        the fire area is fixed by specifying a fixed fire diameter.  The
        fire-energy-release rate-per-fire area can be changed, or the fixed
        fire area-type of specification can be made by choosing Option 2. 
        To do this enter 2 [ret].  This leads to a display of the following
        menu:


          1  WOOD PALLETS,STACK, 5 FT HIGH                   330 (BTU/S FT2)
          2  CARTONS, COMPARTMENTED, STACKED 15 FT HIGH      200 (BTU/S FT2)
          3  PE BOTTLES IN COMPARTMENTED CARTONS 15 FT HIGH  540 (BTU/S FT2)
          4  PS JARS IN COMPARTMENTED CARTONS 15 FT HIGH    1300 (BTU/S FT2)
          5  GASOLINE                                        200 (BTU/S FT2)
          6  INPUT YOUR OWN VALUE IN (BTU/S FT2)
          7  SPECIFY A CONSTANT DIAMETER FIRE IN FT
          0  CHANGE NOTHING

                                         14



        Options 1 through 5 of the above menu are for variable-area fires. 
        The Option 1-to-5 constants displayed above on the right are the
        fire-energy-release rate-per-unit fire area.  They are taken from
        Table 1.  If one of these options is chosen, an appropriately-
        updated fire-properties menu is then displayed on the screen. 
        Option 0 would lead to the return of the original fire-properties
        menu.

        Option 6 allows any other fire-energy-release rate-per-unit fire
        area of the user's choice.

        Option 7 allows the user to specify the diameter of a constant-area
        fire instead of a energy-release-rate-per-unit-area fire.

        Choice of Option 6 or 7 must be followed by entry of the appropriate
        value.  Then an appropriately updated fire-properties menu appears
        on the screen.

        To try Option 7 SPECIFY A CONSTANT DIAMETER FIRE IN FEET, enter 7
        [ret].  The following screen is displayed:


          ENTER YOUR VALUE FOR FIRE DIAMETER IN FT


        Assume the fire diameter is fixed at 5. ft.  Enter 5. [ret].  Then
        the following screen is displayed:


          1              2.50000      FIRE HEIGHT (FT)
          2              5.00000      FIRE DIAMETER (FT), ETC.
          3                           FIRE OUTPUT AS A FUNCTION OF TIME
          0                           CHANGE NOTHING


        Now return to the original default fire-properties menu.  Enter 2
        [ret].  The previous menu will be displayed.  In this, choose Option
        1 WOOD PALLETS, .... by entering 1 [ret].

        Option 3 FIRE OUTPUT AS A FUNCTION OF TIME of the fire-properties
        menu allows the user to prescribe the fire as a function of time. 
        The prescription involves 1) linear interpolation between adjacent
        pairs of user-specified points with coordinates (time in s, fire-
        energy-release rate in BTU/s), and 2) continuation of the fire to
        arbitrarily large time at the fire-energy-release rate of the last
        data point.

        Now choose Option 3 by entering 3 [ret].  The following screen
        associated with the default fire-output data is displayed:


                                         15


          1    TIME(SEC) =     0.0000   POWER(BTU/S) =       0.00000E+00
          2    TIME(SEC) =   100.0000   POWER(BTU/S) =       0.59200E+03
          3    TIME(SEC) =   200.0000   POWER(BTU/S) =       0.23670E+04
          4    TIME(SEC) =   400.0000   POWER(BTU/S) =       0.94680E+04
          5    TIME(SEC) =   600.0000   POWER(BTU/S) =       0.21302E+05
          6    TIME(SEC) =   747.0000   POWER(BTU/S) =       0.33000E+05

          ENTER DATA POINT NO., TIME (S), AND POWER (BTU/S)
          ENTER 11 TO REMOVE A POINT
          ENTER 0 TO RETURN TO MENU


        As discussed in Section 2, with use of the six above data points,
        the default simulation will estimate the fire's energy-release-rate
        according to the plot of Figure 3.

        Additional data points can be added to the fire-growth simulation by
        entering the new data-point number, [ret], the time in seconds,
        [ret], the energy-release-rate in BTU/s, and [ret].

        The maximum number of data points permitted is 10.  The points may
        be entered in any order.  A sorting routine will order the points by
        time.  One point must correspond to zero time.

        As an example of adding an additional data point to the above six,
        assume that a closer match to the "t-squared" default fire-growth
        curve was desired between 200. s and 400. s.  From Section 2 it can
        be verified that the fire energy-release rate will be 5325. BTU/s at
        t = 300.  To add this point to the data, thereby forcing the fire-
        growth curve to pass exactly through the "t-squared" curve at 300 s,
        enter 7 [ret], 300. [ret], and 5325. [ret].  The following revised
        screen will be displayed:


          1     TIME(SEC) =     0.0000   POWER(BTU/S) =       0.00000E+00
          2     TIME(SEC) =   100.0000   POWER(BTU/S) =       0.59200E+03
          3     TIME(SEC) =   200.0000   POWER(BTU/S) =       0.23670E+04
          4     TIME(SEC) =   300.0000   POWER(BTU/S) =       0.53250E+04
          5     TIME(SEC) =   400.0000   POWER(BTU/S) =       0.94680E+04
          6     TIME(SEC) =   600.0000   POWER(BTU/S) =       0.21302E+05
          7     TIME(SEC) =   747.0000   POWER(BTU/S) =       0.33000E+05

          ENTER DATA PT. NO., TIME (S), AND POWER (BTU/S)
          ENTER 11 TO REMOVE A POINT
          ENTER 0 TO RETURN TO MENU


        Note that the revised point, which was entered as point number 7,
        has been resorted into the original array of data points and that
        all points have been renumbered appropriately.


                                         16

        Now remove the point just added (which is now point number 4). 
        First enter 11 [ret].  Then the following screen is displayed:


          ENTER THE NUMBER OF THE DATA POINT TO BE REMOVED


        Now enter 4 [ret].  This brings the fire-growth-simulation data back
        to the original default set of values.

        Now return to the fire-properties menu.  Enter 0 [ret].  Then return
        to the base menu by entering again 0 [ret].

        With the base menu back on the screen, it is assumed that imputing
        of all data required to define the desired fire simulation is
        complete.  Now choose Option 0  NO CHANGES to proceed to the file-
        status menu.  Enter 0 [ret].


        5.  File Status - Running the Code

        When Option 0 NO CHANGES of the base menu is chosen, the following
        file-status menu is displayed:


          1       SAVE THE FILE AND RUN THE CODE
          2       SAVE THE FILE BUT DONT RUN THE CODE
          3       DONT SAVE THE FILE BUT RUN THE CODE
          4       ABORT THE CALCULATION


        If one of the save options is selected, the user will be asked to
        supply a file name to designate the file where the newly generated
        input data is to be saved.  The program will automatically create
        the new file.  File names may be as long as 8 characters and should
        have a common extender such as .DAT, example MYFILE.DAT.  The
        maximum length that may be used for the total length of input or
        output files is 25 characters.  For example,
        C:\SUBDIRECT\FILENAME.DAT would allow a file named FILENAME.DAT to
        be read from the subdirectory SUBDIRECT on the C drive.  To read a
        file from a floppy disk in the A drive, use A:FILENAME.DAT.  If
        Option 4 is chosen the program will end without any file being
        saved.

        A request for an output file name will appear on the screen.  File
        names may be as long as 8 characters and should have an extender
        such as .OUT such that the output files can easily be recognized. 
        To output a file to a floppy disk in the A drive, name the file
        A:FILENAME.OUT.  To output a file to a subdirectory other than the
        one which is resident to the program, use C:\SUBDIRECT\FILENAME.OUT
        for the subdirectory SUBDIRECT.


                                         17

        Once the output file has been designated, the program will begin to
        execute.  The statement PROGRAM RUNNING will appear on the screen. 
        Each time the program writes to the output file, a statement such as
        T =  3.0000E01 S will appear on the screen to provide the user with
        the present output time.


        6.  The Output Variables and the Output Options

        The program generates two separate output files.  An example of the
        first output file is appended at the end of this document.  This
        file is named by the user and consists of a listing of the input
        data plus all the relevant output variables in a format where the
        output units are specified and the meaning of all but three of the
        output variables are clearly specified.  These latter variables are
        TSL, QB, and QT which are the temperature of the ceiling inside the
        enclosure, the net heat transfer flux to the bottom surface of the
        ceiling, and the net heat transfer flux to the top surface of the
        ceiling.  The variables are output as a function of radius with R =
        0 being the center of the fire plume projected on the ceiling. 
        Other abbreviations include LYR TEMP, LYR HT, LYR MASS, JET
        VELOCITY, and JET TEMP which are the upper layer (layer adjacent to
        the ceiling) temperature, height of the upper layer interface above
        the floor, mass of gas in the layer, ceiling jet velocity and
        temperature at the position of each fusible link.  The VENT AREA is
        the total area of roof vents open at the time of output.

        The second output file, GRAPH.OUT, is used by the graphics program,
        GRAPH.  GRAPH is a Fortran program which makes use of a graphics
        software package developed in [9, 10] to produce graphical output of
        selected output variables. To use the graphics program, the file
        GRAPH.OUT must be in the same directory as the program, GRAPH. 
        GRAPH is a menu driven program which provides the user with the
        ability to plot two sets of variables on the PC screen.  An option
        exists which permits the user to print the plots from the screen to
        a printer.  If the user has an attached EPSON-compatible printer,
        enter 'e' to produce a plot using the printer.  If the user wishes
        to generate a PostScript file for use on a laser printer, enter 'p'
        and provide a file name when the file name prompt appears in the
        upper left hand corner of the graph.  To exit to screen mode from
        the graphics mode, enter 'c'.  The file GRAPH.OUT will be destroyed
        each time the code LAVENT is run.  If the user wishes to save the
        graphics file, it must be copied using the DOS copy command into
        another file with a different file name.

        To demonstrate the use of GRAPH, start the program by entering
        'graph' [ret].  GRAPH will read in the graphics output file
        GRAPH.OUT and the following screen will be displayed:


          ENTER 0 TO PLOT POINTS, ENTER 1 TO PLOT AND CONNECT POINTS


                                         18


        The graphics presented in Figures 5 - 9 were done with GRAPH using
        option 0.  Enter 0 [ret] and the following graphics menu is
        displayed:


          ENTER THE X AND Y VARIABLES FOR THE DESIRED TWO GRAPHS
          1     TIME
          2     LAYER TEMPERATURE
          3     LAYER HEIGHT
          4     LAYER MASS
          5     FIRE OUTPUT
          6     CEILING VENT AREA
          7     PLUME FLOW
          8     LINK TEMPERATURE
          9     JET VELOCITY AT LINK
          10    JET TEMPERATURE AT LINK


        Two plots can be studied on a single screen.  For example, from the
        default simulation assume that displays of the plots of Figure 5 and
        6, LAYER HEIGHT vs TIME and LAYER TEMPERATURE vs TIME, respectively,
        are desired.  Then enter 1 [ret], 3 [ret], 1 [ret], and 2 [ret]. 
        The program will respond with the prompt:


          ENTER THE TITLES FOR THE TWO GRAPHS, 16 CHARACTERS MAX.


        The user might choose titles which would identify particular cases
        such as LY HT RUN 100 [ret] and LY TEMP RUN 100 [ret].  If the title
        is chosen to be longer than 16 characters, it will be truncated to
        16 characters.  After the titles have been entered the program will
        respond with:


          ENTER 1 FOR DEFAULT SCALING, 2 FOR USER SCALING.


        If the user chooses option 1, the desired plots will appear on the
        screen with an internal scaling for the X and Y axis of each graph. 
        If the user chooses option 2, the program will respond with the
        following prompt:


          ENTER THE MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM VALUES FOR THE X AND Y AXIS
          OF EACH GRAPH.  ENTER 0 FOR THE MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM VALUES
          OF EACH AXIS WHERE DEFAULT SCALING IS DESIRED.  FOR EXAMPLE,
          VALUES SHOULD BE ENTERED AS 0.,100.,0.,200.,10.,50.,20.,100. [RET]
          FOR X1(0-100), Y1(0-200), X2(10-50), Y2(20-100).



                                         19

        Use of this option allows a number of different cases to be compared
        using similar values for the X and Y axis of each graph.  All eight
        numbers must be entered and separated with commas before entering
        [ret].  Once the entry is made, the plots will appear on the screen. 
        Note that this option permits a mixture of default scaling and user
        specified scaling.

        Once a pair of plots are displayed on the screen, the user would
        have the choice of entering 'p' or 'e', to obtain a hard-copy plot
        of the graphs, or of entering 'c' to exit the graphics mode.

        To plot a second pair of graphs, the user would exit the graphics
        mode by entering 'c' and then repeat the above process by entering
        'graph' [ret], etc.

        If the user selects plots which involve variables defined by Options
        8, 9, or 10, then, following the entry 8 [ret], 9 [ret] or 10 [ret],
        the following prompt for identifying the desired link number (in the
        default simulation with 3 simulated links) will be displayed
        immediately:


          ENTER LINK NUMBER, MAXIMUM NUMBER =   3


        The user then enters the desired link number followed by [ret], and
        continues entering the remaining input data which define the desired
        plots.

        As an example of generating link-related plots, consider displaying
        the pair of plots LINK TEMPERATURE vs TIME and JET VELOCITY AT LINK
        vs TIME for link number 3 in the default simulation.  First enter 1
        [ret] (for TIME on the X axis) and 8 [ret](for LINK TEMPERATURE on
        the Y axis).  At this point, "ENTER LINK NUMBER ..."  would be
        displayed on the screen.  Continue by entering 3 [ret] (for link
        number 3).  This would complete the data entry for the first of the
        two plots.   For the second plot enter 1 [ret] (for TIME on the X
        axis) and 9 [ret] (for LINK TEMPERATURE on the Y axis).  At this
        point, "ENTER LINK NUMBER ..." would be displayed a second time. 
        Then conclude data input for the pair of plots by entering 3 [ret]
        (for link number 3).  At this point the desired pair of plots would
        be displayed on the screen.


        7.  An Example Simulation - The Default Case

        This section presents and reviews briefly the simulation of the
        default case.

        The tabular output of the default simulation is presented in Figure
        4.  Plots of the layer-interface height and of the layer temperature
        as functions of time are plotted in Figures 5 and 6, respectively. 

                                         20

        Plots of the thermal response of the two pairs of vent links and the
        pair of sprinkler links closest to the fire are presented in Figures
        7 - 9, respectively.

        From Figures 4 and 7 - 9 it is seen that the sequence of link fusing
        (at 165 F) is predicted to be the near pair of vents at 189 s, the
        far pair of vents at 268 s, and the pair of closest sprinklers at 
        283 s.  Although the sprinkler links are closer to the fire than any
        of the vent links, and although all links have the same fuse
        temperatures, the simulation predicts that the sprinkler links fuse
        after all of the vent links.  There are two reasons for this. 
        First, the RTI of the sprinkler links are larger than those of the
        vent links and, therefore, slower to respond thermally.  Second, the
        two sprinkler links simulated are far enough from the ceiling as to
        be below the peak temperature of the ceiling jet which is relatively
        thin at the 6 ft radial position (see the lower sketch of Figure 1).

        The effect on layer growth of fusing of the two pair of vent links
        and opening of their corresponding vents at 189 s and 268 s can be
        noted in Figure 5.  Note that the opening of the first pair of vents
        effectively stops the rate-of-increase of layer thickness and
        opening of the second pair of vents leads to a relatively rapid
        rate-of-decrease in the layer thickness.  All of this is of course
        occurring at times when the energy-release-rate of the fire is
        growing rapidly.

        As can be seen in Figure 5, up to the 400 s of simulation time the
        smoke is still contained in the original curtained compartment and
        has not "spilled over" to adjacent spaces.  From this figure it
        appears that with no venting, the layer would have dropped below the
        bottom of the draft curtains prior to fusing of the first sprinkler
        links.  This could be confirmed with a second simulation run of
        LAVENT, where all vent action was removed from the default data.


        8.  Acknowledgements

        The authors acknowledge gratefully the AAMA Research Foundation
        which supported this work and Mr. Donald Belles who monitored its
        technical progress and offered many useful suggestions to make this
        a useful product.


        9.  References

        [1]     Davis, W.D. and Cooper, L. Y., Estimating the Environment
                and the Response of Sprinkler Links in Compartment Fires
                with Draft Curtains and Fusible Link-Actuated Ceiling Vents
                - Part 3: Programmer Guide to the Computer Code LAVENT, to
                appear as a NISTIR, National Institute of Standards and
                Technology, Gaithersburg MD.


                                         21

        [2]     Cooper, L. Y., Estimating the Environment and the Response
                of Sprinkler Links in Compartment Fires with Draft Curtains
                and Fusible Link-Actuated Ceiling Vents - Part 1: Theory,
                NBSIR 88-3734, National Bureau of Standards (presently
                Institute of Standards and Technology), Gaithersburg MD,
                April, 1988.

        [3]     Cooper, L. Y., Estimating the Environment and the Response
                of Sprinkler Links in Compartment Fires with Draft Curtains
                and Fusible Link-Actuated Ceiling Vents - Overview,
                Proceedings of the 10th Joint Meeting of the UJNR Panel on
                Fire Research and Safety, pp. 87-91, Tsukuba, Japan, June 9-
                10, 1988.

        [4]     Guide For Smoke and Heat Venting, NFPA 204M, National Fire
                Protection Association, Quincy MA, 1982.

        [5]     Cooper L.Y. and Stroup, D.W., Thermal Response of Unconfined
                Ceilings Above Growing Fires and the Importance of
                Convective Heat Transfer, Journal of Heat Transfer, 109, pp.
                172-178, 1987.

        [6]     Evans, D.D., Calculating Sprinkler Activation Time in
                Compartments, Fire Safety Journal, 9, pp. 147-155, 1985.

        [7]     Stroup, D.W. and Evans, D.D., Use of Computer Fire Models
                for Analyzing Thermal Detector Spacing, Fire Safety Journal,
                14, pp. 33-45, 1988.

        [8]     Gross, D., Data Sources for Parameters Used in Predictive
                Modeling of Fire Growth and Smoke Spread, NBSIR 85-3223,
                National Bureau of Standards (presently Institute of
                Standards and Technology), Gaithersburg MD, September, 1985.

        [9]     Kahaner, D., Moher, C., and Nash, S., Numerical Methods and
                Software, Prentice Hall, 1989.

        [10]    Kahaner, D., Private Communication.















                                         22

        APPENDIX - Solver Parameters

        If the code is not able to obtain a solution for a particular
        application or is taking an inordinate amount of time to produce the
        solution, there are a number of variations of the default solver
        inputs which may resolve the problem.

        Start the input part of the program get to the base menu.  Then
        choose Option 6  SOLVER PARAMETERS.  The following input options
        menu will be displayed:


          1        0.6500E+00         GAUSS-SEIDEL RELAXATION
          2        0.1000E-04         DIFF EQ SOLVER TOLERANCE
          3        0.1000E-04         GAUSS-SEIDEL TOLERANCE
          4          2.000000         FLUX UPDATE INTERVAL (S)
          5                           CHANGE NOTHING


        The solvers used in this code consist of a differential equation
        solver DDRIVE2, used to solve the set of differential equations
        associated with the layer and the fusible links, and a Gauss-
        Seidel/Tridiagonal solver using the Crank-Nicolson formalism to
        solve the set of partial differential equations associated with the
        heat conduction calculation for the ceiling.  Since two different
        solvers are being used in the code, there is potential for the
        solvers to become incompatible with each other, particularly if the
        upper layer has nearly reached a steady-state temperature but the
        ceiling is still increasing it's temperature.  When this occurs, the
        differential equation solver will try to take time steps that are
        too large for the Gauss-Seidel solver to handle and a growing
        oscillation in the ceiling temperature variable may occur.  By
        reducing the flux-update interval, the growing oscillation may be
        suppressed.  The smaller the flux-update interval, the slower the
        code will run.

        The Gauss-Seidel Relaxation Coefficient may be changed to produce a
        faster running code or to handle a case that will not run with a
        different coefficient.  Typical values of this coefficient should
        range between .2 and 1.0.

        The tolerances for both solvers may also be changed.  Decreasing or
        increasing these values may provide a faster running code for a
        given case and by decreasing the value of the tolerances, the
        accuracy of the calculations may be increased.  If the tolerance
        values are made too small, the code will either run very slowly or
        not run at all.  Suggested tolerances would be in the range of
        .00001 to .000001.  





                                         23

        Table 1.  Energy-release-rate per unit area for limited-growth fires
                  in different commodities (from Table 4-1 of [4]).

        (PE = polyethylene;  PS = polystyrene; PVC = polyvinyl chloride;
         PP = polypropylene; FRP = Fiberglass-Reinforced Polyester)

                           Commodity              (Btu/s)/ft^2 of Floor Area

        1.  Wood pallets, stack 1 1/2 ft high (6-12% moisture)           110

        2.  Wood pallets, stack 5 ft high (6-12% moisture)               330

        3.  Wood pallets, stack 10 ft high (6-12% moisture)              600

        4.  Wood pallets, stack 16 ft high (6-12% moisture)              900

        5.  Mail bags, filled, stored 5 ft high                           34

        6.  Cartons, compartmented, stacked 15 ft high                   200

        7.  PE letter trays, filled, stacked 5 ft high on a cart         740

        8.  PE trash barrels in cartons, stacked 15 ft high              240

        9.  FRP shower stalls in cartons, stacked 15 ft high             110

        10. PE bottles packed in Item 6                                  540

        11. PE bottles in cartons, stacked 15 ft high                    170

        12. PU insulation board, rigid foam, stacked 14 ft high          160

        13. PS jars packed in Item 6                                   1,300

        14. PS tubs nested in cartons, stacked 14 ft high                440

        15. PS toy parts in cartons, stacked 15 ft high                  170

        16. PS insulation board, rigid foam, stacked 14 ft high          280

        17. PVC bottles packed in Item 6                                 300

        18. PP tubs packed in Item 6                                     370

        19. PP and PE film in rolls, stacked 14 ft high                  540

        20. Methyl alcohol                                                55

        21. Gasoline                                                     200

        22. Kerosene                                                     200

        23. Diesel oil                                                   170

                                         24

                               (Figure not included)
        Figure 1.  Fire in a building with draft curtains and fusible-link-
                   actuated ceiling vents and sprinklers.

                               (Figure not included)
        Figure 2.  Vent and sprinkler spacing and fire location for the
                   default simulation.

                               (Figure not included)
        Figure 3.  Energy-release-rate vs time for the fire of the default
                   simulation.











































                                         25

         CEILING HEIGHT =                  30.0 FT
         ROOM LENGTH =                     84.0 FT
         ROOM WIDTH =                      84.0 FT
         CURTAIN LENGTH =                 336.0 FT
         CURTAIN HEIGHT =                  15.0 FT
         MATERIAL =                       INSULATED METAL DECK
         CEILING CONDUCTIVITY =      .240E-04 BTU/FT F S
                CEILING DENSITY =    .277E+00 LB/FT3
         CEILING HEAT CAPACITY  =    .655E+02 BTU/LB F
         CEILING THICKNESS =         .500E+00 FT
         FIRE HEIGHT =                      2.5 FT
         FIRE POWER/AREA =           0.3300E+03 BTU/FT2 S

         LINK NO =  1 RADIUS =     6.0 FT    DIST CEILING =     1.0 FT
          RTI=  400.00 SQRT FUSION TEMPERATURE FOR LINK =   165.00 K
         LINK NO =  2 RADIUS =    21.2 FT    DIST CEILING =     0.3 FT
          RTI=   50.00 SQRT FUSION TEMPERATURE FOR LINK =   165.00 K
         LINK NO =  3 RADIUS =    44.3 FT    DIST CEILING =     0.3 FT
          RTI=   50.00 SQRT FUSION TEMPERATURE FOR LINK =   165.00 K
         VENT =   1   VENT AREA =     96.0 FT2           LINK CONTROLLING
        VENT =   2
         VENT =   2   VENT AREA =     96.0 FT2           LINK CONTROLLING
        VENT =   3
         TIME (S)=    0.000 LYR TEMP (F)=    80.0 LYR HT (FT)=   30.00 LYR
        MASS (LB)= 0.000E+00
         FIRE OUTPUT (BTU/S)=  0.0000E+00 VENT AREA (FT2)=      0.00
         LINK =  1 LINK TEMP (F)=   80.00 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     0.000 JET
        TEMP (F) =     80.0
         LINK =  2 LINK TEMP (F)=   80.00 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     0.000 JET
        TEMP (F) =     80.0
         LINK =  3 LINK TEMP (F)=   80.00 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     0.000 JET
        TEMP (F) =     80.0
         R (FT)=    0.00 TSL (F)=    80.0 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.000E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.000E+00
         R (FT)=    5.64 TSL (F)=    80.0 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.000E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.000E+00
         R (FT)=   11.28 TSL (F)=    80.0 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.000E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.000E+00
         R (FT)=   16.92 TSL (F)=    80.0 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.000E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.000E+00
         R (FT)=   22.56 TSL (F)=    80.0 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.000E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.000E+00
         R (FT)=   28.20 TSL (F)=    80.0 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.000E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.000E+00
         R (FT)=   33.85 TSL (F)=    80.0 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.000E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.000E+00
         R (FT)=   39.49 TSL (F)=    80.0 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.000E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.000E+00

        Figure 4.  Tabular format for the output - the default simulation.




                                         26

         R (FT)=   45.13 TSL (F)=    80.0 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.000E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.000E+00
         R (FT)=   50.77 TSL (F)=    80.0 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.000E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.000E+00
         R (FT)=   56.41 TSL (F)=    80.0 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.000E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.000E+00
         R (FT)=   62.05 TSL (F)=    80.0 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.000E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.000E+00
         TIME (S)=   30.000 LYR TEMP (F)=    89.5 LYR HT (FT)=   28.90 LYR
        MASS (LB)= 0.562E+03
         FIRE OUTPUT (BTU/S)=  0.1776E+03 VENT AREA (FT2)=      0.00
         LINK =  1 LINK TEMP (F)=   80.79 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     1.988 JET
        TEMP (F) =     94.6
         LINK =  2 LINK TEMP (F)=   85.26 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     2.177 JET
        TEMP (F) =     94.7
         LINK =  3 LINK TEMP (F)=   81.81 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     0.915 JET
        TEMP (F) =     87.2
         R (FT)=    0.00 TSL (F)=    84.1 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.287E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=    5.64 TSL (F)=    82.6 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.186E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   11.28 TSL (F)=    81.8 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.130E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   16.92 TSL (F)=    81.2 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.892E-02 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   22.56 TSL (F)=    80.9 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.641E-02 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   28.20 TSL (F)=    80.6 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.481E-02 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   33.85 TSL (F)=    80.5 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.373E-02 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   39.49 TSL (F)=    80.4 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.298E-02 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   45.13 TSL (F)=    80.3 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.244E-02 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   50.77 TSL (F)=    80.3 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.205E-02 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   56.41 TSL (F)=    80.2 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.174E-02 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   62.05 TSL (F)=    80.2 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.151E-02 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         TIME (S)=   60.000 LYR TEMP (F)=    96.2 LYR HT (FT)=   27.34 LYR
        MASS (LB)= 0.134E+04
         FIRE OUTPUT (BTU/S)=  0.3552E+03 VENT AREA (FT2)=      0.00
         LINK =  1 LINK TEMP (F)=   82.84 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     2.548 JET
        TEMP (F) =    104.5
         LINK =  2 LINK TEMP (F)=   94.79 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     2.781 JET

        Figure 4.  (continued)  Tabular format for the output - the default
        simulation.




                                         27

        TEMP (F) =    105.0
         LINK =  3 LINK TEMP (F)=   85.66 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     1.169 JET
        TEMP (F) =     92.5
         R (FT)=    0.00 TSL (F)=    91.8 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.480E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=    5.64 TSL (F)=    87.8 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.331E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   11.28 TSL (F)=    85.5 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.237E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   16.92 TSL (F)=    83.8 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.166E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   22.56 TSL (F)=    82.8 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.120E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   28.20 TSL (F)=    82.1 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.909E-02 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   33.85 TSL (F)=    81.6 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.709E-02 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   39.49 TSL (F)=    81.3 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.568E-02 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   45.13 TSL (F)=    81.1 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.467E-02 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   50.77 TSL (F)=    80.9 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.391E-02 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   56.41 TSL (F)=    80.8 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.334E-02 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   62.05 TSL (F)=    80.7 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.290E-02 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         TIME (S)=   90.000 LYR TEMP (F)=   102.8 LYR HT (FT)=   25.65 LYR
        MASS (LB)= 0.216E+04
         FIRE OUTPUT (BTU/S)=  0.5328E+03 VENT AREA (FT2)=      0.00
         LINK =  1 LINK TEMP (F)=   85.95 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     2.976 JET
        TEMP (F) =    113.9
         LINK =  2 LINK TEMP (F)=  105.10 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     3.239 JET
        TEMP (F) =    114.7
         LINK =  3 LINK TEMP (F)=   90.46 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     1.361 JET
        TEMP (F) =     97.7
         R (FT)=    0.00 TSL (F)=   100.8 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.643E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=    5.64 TSL (F)=    94.3 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.460E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   11.28 TSL (F)=    90.3 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.336E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   16.92 TSL (F)=    87.2 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.238E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   22.56 TSL (F)=    85.2 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.174E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18

        Figure 4.  (continued)  Tabular format for the output - the default
        simulation.





                                         28

         R (FT)=   28.20 TSL (F)=    84.0 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.132E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   33.85 TSL (F)=    83.1 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.104E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   39.49 TSL (F)=    82.5 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.834E-02 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   45.13 TSL (F)=    82.0 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.687E-02 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   50.77 TSL (F)=    81.7 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.578E-02 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   56.41 TSL (F)=    81.5 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.495E-02 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   62.05 TSL (F)=    81.3 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.430E-02 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         TIME (S)=  120.000 LYR TEMP (F)=   111.1 LYR HT (FT)=   23.86 LYR
        MASS (LB)= 0.301E+04
         FIRE OUTPUT (BTU/S)=  0.9470E+03 VENT AREA (FT2)=      0.00
         LINK =  1 LINK TEMP (F)=   90.39 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     3.792 JET
        TEMP (F) =    128.6
         LINK =  2 LINK TEMP (F)=  117.49 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     4.108 JET
        TEMP (F) =    130.6
         LINK =  3 LINK TEMP (F)=   96.35 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     1.726 JET
        TEMP (F) =    105.6
         R (FT)=    0.00 TSL (F)=   113.3 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.107E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=    5.64 TSL (F)=   103.7 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.786E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   11.28 TSL (F)=    97.2 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.576E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   16.92 TSL (F)=    92.1 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.407E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   22.56 TSL (F)=    88.8 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.298E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   28.20 TSL (F)=    86.7 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.226E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   33.85 TSL (F)=    85.2 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.176E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   39.49 TSL (F)=    84.2 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.141E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   45.13 TSL (F)=    83.5 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.116E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   50.77 TSL (F)=    82.9 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.973E-02 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   56.41 TSL (F)=    82.5 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.831E-02 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   62.05 TSL (F)=    82.2 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.721E-02 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18

        Figure 4.  (continued)  Tabular format for the output - the default
        simulation.




                                         29

         TIME (S)=  150.000 LYR TEMP (F)=   123.9 LYR HT (FT)=   21.86 LYR
        MASS (LB)= 0.391E+04
         FIRE OUTPUT (BTU/S)=  0.1479E+04 VENT AREA (FT2)=      0.00
         LINK =  1 LINK TEMP (F)=   97.25 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     4.518 JET
        TEMP (F) =    148.4
         LINK =  2 LINK TEMP (F)=  136.11 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     4.876 JET
        TEMP (F) =    151.7
         LINK =  3 LINK TEMP (F)=  105.03 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     2.049 JET
        TEMP (F) =    116.6
         R (FT)=    0.00 TSL (F)=   133.5 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.152E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=    5.64 TSL (F)=   119.1 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.115E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   11.28 TSL (F)=   108.7 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.859E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   16.92 TSL (F)=   100.3 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.615E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   22.56 TSL (F)=    94.9 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.453E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   28.20 TSL (F)=    91.3 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.344E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   33.85 TSL (F)=    88.8 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.270E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   39.49 TSL (F)=    87.1 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.217E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   45.13 TSL (F)=    85.8 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.178E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   50.77 TSL (F)=    84.9 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.150E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   56.41 TSL (F)=    84.2 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.128E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   62.05 TSL (F)=    83.6 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.111E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         TIME (S)=  180.000 LYR TEMP (F)=   139.4 LYR HT (FT)=   19.78 LYR
        MASS (LB)= 0.477E+04
         FIRE OUTPUT (BTU/S)=  0.2012E+04 VENT AREA (FT2)=      0.00
         LINK =  1 LINK TEMP (F)=  106.73 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     5.097 JET
        TEMP (F) =    170.6
         LINK =  2 LINK TEMP (F)=  158.26 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     5.485 JET
        TEMP (F) =    174.9
         LINK =  3 LINK TEMP (F)=  116.09 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     2.305 JET
        TEMP (F) =    129.3
         R (FT)=    0.00 TSL (F)=   157.2 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.193E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=    5.64 TSL (F)=   137.7 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.149E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18

        Figure 4.  (continued)  Tabular format for the output - the default
        simulation.





                                         30

         R (FT)=   11.28 TSL (F)=   122.9 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.113E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   16.92 TSL (F)=   110.7 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.816E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   22.56 TSL (F)=   102.6 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.606E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   28.20 TSL (F)=    97.2 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.464E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   33.85 TSL (F)=    93.5 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.366E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   39.49 TSL (F)=    90.8 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.295E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   45.13 TSL (F)=    88.9 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.244E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   50.77 TSL (F)=    87.5 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.206E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   56.41 TSL (F)=    86.4 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.176E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   62.05 TSL (F)=    85.6 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.154E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         TIME (S)=  210.000 LYR TEMP (F)=   157.8 LYR HT (FT)=   19.48 LYR
        MASS (LB)= 0.477E+04
         FIRE OUTPUT (BTU/S)=  0.2722E+04 VENT AREA (FT2)=     96.00
         LINK =  1 LINK TEMP (F)=  118.85 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     5.642 JET
        TEMP (F) =    196.0
         LINK =  2 LINK TEMP (F)=  182.70 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     6.055 JET
        TEMP (F) =    201.4
         LINK =  3 LINK TEMP (F)=  129.02 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     2.544 JET
        TEMP (F) =    144.1
         TIME LINK    2  OPENS EQUALS     188.5193 (S)
         R (FT)=    0.00 TSL (F)=   183.4 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.240E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=    5.64 TSL (F)=   158.7 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.189E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   11.28 TSL (F)=   139.3 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.145E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   16.92 TSL (F)=   122.8 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.107E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   22.56 TSL (F)=   111.8 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.798E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   28.20 TSL (F)=   104.3 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.614E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   33.85 TSL (F)=    99.1 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.485E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   39.49 TSL (F)=    95.4 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.393E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18

        Figure 4.  (continued)  Tabular format for the output - the default
        simulation.





                                         31

         R (FT)=   45.13 TSL (F)=    92.7 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.325E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   50.77 TSL (F)=    90.7 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.275E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   56.41 TSL (F)=    89.2 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.236E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   62.05 TSL (F)=    88.0 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.206E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         TIME (S)=  240.000 LYR TEMP (F)=   183.6 LYR HT (FT)=   19.68 LYR
        MASS (LB)= 0.449E+04
         FIRE OUTPUT (BTU/S)=  0.3787E+04 VENT AREA (FT2)=     96.00
         LINK =  1 LINK TEMP (F)=  134.73 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     6.268 JET
        TEMP (F) =    231.1
         LINK =  2 LINK TEMP (F)=  214.57 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     6.701 JET
        TEMP (F) =    237.4
         LINK =  3 LINK TEMP (F)=  145.65 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     2.816 JET
        TEMP (F) =    164.4
         TIME LINK    2  OPENS EQUALS     188.5193 (S)
         R (FT)=    0.00 TSL (F)=   217.9 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.306E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=    5.64 TSL (F)=   186.8 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.245E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   11.28 TSL (F)=   161.5 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.191E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   16.92 TSL (F)=   139.5 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.143E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   22.56 TSL (F)=   124.4 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.108E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   28.20 TSL (F)=   114.1 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.832E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   33.85 TSL (F)=   106.9 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.659E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   39.49 TSL (F)=   101.7 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.535E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   45.13 TSL (F)=    98.0 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.443E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   50.77 TSL (F)=    95.2 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.375E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   56.41 TSL (F)=    93.0 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.322E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   62.05 TSL (F)=    91.3 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.281E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         TIME (S)=  270.000 LYR TEMP (F)=   216.0 LYR HT (FT)=   19.96 LYR
        MASS (LB)= 0.416E+04
         FIRE OUTPUT (BTU/S)=  0.4852E+04 VENT AREA (FT2)=    192.00
         LINK =  1 LINK TEMP (F)=  155.10 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     6.711 JET

        Figure 4.  (continued).  Tabular format for the output - the default
        simulation.





                                         32

        TEMP (F) =    271.0
         LINK =  2 LINK TEMP (F)=  252.61 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     7.145 JET
        TEMP (F) =    277.2
         LINK =  3 LINK TEMP (F)=  166.43 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     3.002 JET
        TEMP (F) =    188.0
         TIME LINK    2  OPENS EQUALS     188.5193 (S)
         TIME LINK    3  OPENS EQUALS     268.0754 (S)
         R (FT)=    0.00 TSL (F)=   256.3 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.355E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=    5.64 TSL (F)=   219.0 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.290E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   11.28 TSL (F)=   187.5 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.231E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   16.92 TSL (F)=   159.5 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.175E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   22.56 TSL (F)=   139.8 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.134E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   28.20 TSL (F)=   126.1 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.104E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   33.85 TSL (F)=   116.5 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.831E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   39.49 TSL (F)=   109.6 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.677E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   45.13 TSL (F)=   104.5 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.563E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   50.77 TSL (F)=   100.7 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.477E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   56.41 TSL (F)=    97.8 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.411E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   62.05 TSL (F)=    95.5 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.359E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         TIME (S)=  300.000 LYR TEMP (F)=   252.0 LYR HT (FT)=   22.71 LYR
        MASS (LB)= 0.287E+04
         FIRE OUTPUT (BTU/S)=  0.5918E+04 VENT AREA (FT2)=    192.00
         LINK =  1 LINK TEMP (F)=  178.94 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     6.708 JET
        TEMP (F) =    307.8
         LINK =  2 LINK TEMP (F)=  289.48 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     7.111 JET
        TEMP (F) =    311.4
         LINK =  3 LINK TEMP (F)=  188.98 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     2.988 JET
        TEMP (F) =    210.8
         TIME LINK    1  OPENS EQUALS     283.3156 (S)
         TIME LINK    2  OPENS EQUALS     188.5193 (S)
         TIME LINK    3  OPENS EQUALS     268.0754 (S)
         R (FT)=    0.00 TSL (F)=   290.4 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.361E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=    5.64 TSL (F)=   249.2 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.305E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18

        Figure 4.  (continued)  Tabular format for the output - the default
        simulation.




                                         33

         R (FT)=   11.28 TSL (F)=   213.3 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.251E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   16.92 TSL (F)=   180.2 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.196E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   22.56 TSL (F)=   156.1 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.152E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   28.20 TSL (F)=   139.1 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.120E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   33.85 TSL (F)=   126.9 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.960E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   39.49 TSL (F)=   118.2 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.785E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   45.13 TSL (F)=   111.7 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.654E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   50.77 TSL (F)=   106.8 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.555E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   56.41 TSL (F)=   103.1 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.478E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   62.05 TSL (F)=   100.1 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.418E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         TIME (S)=  330.000 LYR TEMP (F)=   283.4 LYR HT (FT)=   24.18 LYR
        MASS (LB)= 0.219E+04
         FIRE OUTPUT (BTU/S)=  0.6983E+04 VENT AREA (FT2)=    192.00
         LINK =  1 LINK TEMP (F)=  204.76 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     6.730 JET
        TEMP (F) =    340.4
         LINK =  2 LINK TEMP (F)=  322.67 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     7.112 JET
        TEMP (F) =    342.1
         LINK =  3 LINK TEMP (F)=  211.02 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     2.988 JET
        TEMP (F) =    231.4
         TIME LINK    1  OPENS EQUALS     283.3156 (S)
         TIME LINK    2  OPENS EQUALS     188.5193 (S)
         TIME LINK    3  OPENS EQUALS     268.0754 (S)
         R (FT)=    0.00 TSL (F)=   320.3 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.374E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=    5.64 TSL (F)=   276.8 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.323E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   11.28 TSL (F)=   237.7 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.270E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   16.92 TSL (F)=   200.5 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.215E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   22.56 TSL (F)=   172.5 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.169E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   28.20 TSL (F)=   152.2 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.133E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   33.85 TSL (F)=   137.6 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.107E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18

        Figure 4.  (continued)  Tabular format for the output - the default
        simulation.





                                         34

         R (FT)=   39.49 TSL (F)=   126.9 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.878E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   45.13 TSL (F)=   119.0 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.733E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   50.77 TSL (F)=   113.0 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.622E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   56.41 TSL (F)=   108.4 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.536E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   62.05 TSL (F)=   104.8 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.469E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         TIME (S)=  360.000 LYR TEMP (F)=   306.7 LYR HT (FT)=   24.74 LYR
        MASS (LB)= 0.192E+04
         FIRE OUTPUT (BTU/S)=  0.8048E+04 VENT AREA (FT2)=    192.00
         LINK =  1 LINK TEMP (F)=  231.45 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     6.973 JET
        TEMP (F) =    367.7
         LINK =  2 LINK TEMP (F)=  351.81 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     7.285 JET
        TEMP (F) =    368.8
         LINK =  3 LINK TEMP (F)=  230.93 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     3.060 JET
        TEMP (F) =    248.8
         TIME LINK    1  OPENS EQUALS     283.3156 (S)
         TIME LINK    2  OPENS EQUALS     188.5193 (S)
         TIME LINK    3  OPENS EQUALS     268.0754 (S)
         R (FT)=    0.00 TSL (F)=   349.3 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.393E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=    5.64 TSL (F)=   303.8 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.342E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   11.28 TSL (F)=   261.9 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.290E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   16.92 TSL (F)=   220.8 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.232E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   22.56 TSL (F)=   188.9 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.184E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   28.20 TSL (F)=   165.5 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.146E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   33.85 TSL (F)=   148.4 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.118E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   39.49 TSL (F)=   135.8 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.964E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   45.13 TSL (F)=   126.4 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.805E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   50.77 TSL (F)=   119.3 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.683E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   56.41 TSL (F)=   113.9 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.589E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   62.05 TSL (F)=   109.6 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.515E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18

        Figure 4.  (continued)  Tabular format for the output - the default
        simulation.





                                         35

         TIME (S)=  390.000 LYR TEMP (F)=   326.6 LYR HT (FT)=   24.80 LYR
        MASS (LB)= 0.185E+04
         FIRE OUTPUT (BTU/S)=  0.9113E+04 VENT AREA (FT2)=    192.00
         LINK =  1 LINK TEMP (F)=  258.66 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     7.362 JET
        TEMP (F) =    393.5
         LINK =  2 LINK TEMP (F)=  378.44 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     7.560 JET
        TEMP (F) =    394.3
         LINK =  3 LINK TEMP (F)=  248.86 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     3.176 JET
        TEMP (F) =    265.0
         TIME LINK    1  OPENS EQUALS     283.3156 (S)
         TIME LINK    2  OPENS EQUALS     188.5193 (S)
         TIME LINK    3  OPENS EQUALS     268.0754 (S)
         R (FT)=    0.00 TSL (F)=   378.8 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.413E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=    5.64 TSL (F)=   331.2 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.363E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   11.28 TSL (F)=   286.3 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.309E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   16.92 TSL (F)=   241.2 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.249E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   22.56 TSL (F)=   205.5 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.198E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   28.20 TSL (F)=   178.9 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.158E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   33.85 TSL (F)=   159.3 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.128E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   39.49 TSL (F)=   144.8 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.105E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   45.13 TSL (F)=   134.0 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.876E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   50.77 TSL (F)=   125.8 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.744E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   56.41 TSL (F)=   119.4 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.642E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   62.05 TSL (F)=   114.4 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.561E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         TIME (S)=  400.000 LYR TEMP (F)=   333.0 LYR HT (FT)=   24.76 LYR
        MASS (LB)= 0.185E+04
         FIRE OUTPUT (BTU/S)=  0.9468E+04 VENT AREA (FT2)=    192.00
         LINK =  1 LINK TEMP (F)=  267.83 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     7.499 JET
        TEMP (F) =    402.2
         LINK =  2 LINK TEMP (F)=  387.14 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     7.658 JET
        TEMP (F) =    402.9
         LINK =  3 LINK TEMP (F)=  254.59 JET VELOCITY (FT/S)=     3.217 JET
        TEMP (F) =    270.5
         TIME LINK    1  OPENS EQUALS     283.3156 (S)

        Figure 4.  (continued)  Tabular format for the output - the default
        simulation.





                                         36

         TIME LINK    2  OPENS EQUALS     188.5193 (S)
         TIME LINK    3  OPENS EQUALS     268.0754 (S)
         R (FT)=    0.00 TSL (F)=   388.7 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.419E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=    5.64 TSL (F)=   340.3 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.369E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   11.28 TSL (F)=   294.4 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.315E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   16.92 TSL (F)=   248.1 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.255E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   22.56 TSL (F)=   211.1 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.203E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   28.20 TSL (F)=   183.5 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.162E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   33.85 TSL (F)=   163.0 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.131E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   39.49 TSL (F)=   147.9 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.108E+00 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   45.13 TSL (F)=   136.5 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.900E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   50.77 TSL (F)=   127.9 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.764E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   56.41 TSL (F)=   121.3 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.659E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18
         R (FT)=   62.05 TSL (F)=   116.1 QB (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.576E-01 QT
        (BTU/FT2 S)= 0.847E-18

        Figure 4.  (continued)  Tabular format for the output - the
                   default simulation.

























                                         37

                               (Figure not included)
        Figure 5.  Plot of the height of the smoke layer interface vs time
                   for the default simulation.

                               (Figure not included)
        Figure 6.  Plot of the temperature of the smoke layer vs time for
                   the default simulation.

                               (Figure not included)
        Figure 7.  Plot of the closest (R = 21.2 ft) vent-link temperatures
                   vs time for the default simulation.

                               (Figure not included)
        Figure 8.  Plot of the far (R = 44.3 ft) pair of vent-link
                   temperatures vs time for the default simulation.

                               (Figure not included)
        Figure 9.  Plot of the closest (R = 6.0 ft) sprinkler-link
                   temperatures vs time for the default simulation.



































                                         38