Nist Special Database 9

Mated Fingerprint Card Pairs Users' Guide

C. I. Watson

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Advanced Systems Division

Image Recognition Group

February 16, 1993

Users' Guide - Part 2

Appendix A: Database Fingerprint Image Samples
Appendix B: Database Reflectance and Resolution Calibration
Appendix C: Fingerprint Class Distribution Statistics
Appendix D: Manual Pages for Database Source Code

Appendix A: Database Fingerprint Image Samples

Figure A.1: Fingerprint file f0000001.pct from NIST Special Database 9.

Figure A.2: Fingerprint file f0000042.pct from NIST Special Database 9.

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Appendix B: Database Reflectance and Resolution Calibration

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Database Resolution Calibration

The resolution of the scanner used to create the database was calibrated using a NBS 1010A resolution chart¹. A portion of this image is shown below (Figure B.2) after being magnified for viewing (Note: Printing has significantly reduced the quality of this image.). The scan of the table showed that the vertical resolution was approximately 10.5 line pairs/mm and the horizontal resolution was approximately 11.0 line pairs/mm.

Figure B.2: Scan of Resolution Calibration Table.

¹National Bureau of Standards, Microcopy Resolution Test Chart, Standard Reference Material 1010a, ANSI and ISO test chart No.2.

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Appendix C: Fingerprint Class Distribution Statistics

Natural Fingerprint Class Distribution

The data in this table give the numbers for an estimate of the natural distribution of the listed fingerprint classes. This is from a very large sample of data given to NIST by the FBI and should give a good estimate of the "a priori" probabilities. See Figure 7 for the cass codes.

Note:

       UL (1-5 ridge count ulnar loops)                All whorl ridge tracings (I,M,O)for
       UM (6-30 ridge count ulnar loops)                 a whorl class are counted together
       UH (31-49 ridge count ulnar loops)                (i.e. PI,PM,PO are counted in PW).
       (L,M,H) also used for radial loops

Class	Count	% of Total
UL	17063157	7.6638
UM	119530343	53.6860
UH	26312	0.0118
RL	3340194	1.5002
RM	5617095	2.5229
RH	3807	0.0017
PW	44989517	20.2066
CW	8727311	3.9198
DW	7890156	3.5438
XW	257264	0.1155
AA	8125907	3.6497
TT	6548416	2.9412
SR	187927	0.0844
XX	187927	0.1526
Total	222647130

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Volumes 1-5 Class Distribution with Referenced Classes Not Included

The following data represent the class breakdown of NIST Special Database 9 Volumes 1-5, for all cards in each volume. The data totals are shown for all cards, file cards and search cards. The data are based on the prime class of each print. Fingerprints with references are not included in the prime class totals. The number of referenced prints is given in the "RF" class. As can be seen the information is given for each individual volume (1-5) and then as a total for volumes 1-5. The breakdown shows that on a volume level the data do not represent the natural distribution of the fingerprints very well. This is due to the small number or prints in each volume; but using the data in volumes 1-5 a better distribution is seen. This distribution will get better as more data are added to the database. See Figure 7 for the class codes.

Note:

       UL (1-5 ridge count ulnar loops)                All whorl ridge tracings (I,M,O)for
       UM (6-30 ridge count ulnar loops)                 a whorl class are counted together
       UH (31-49 ridge count ulnar loops)               (i.e. PI,PM,PO are counted in PW).
       (L,M,H) also used for radial loops

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The following data represent the class breakdown of NIST Special Database 9 Volumes 1-5, for all the cards in each volume. The data are based on the prime class of each print without any regard to references. As can be seen the information is given for each individual volume (1-5) and then as a total for volumes 1-5. The data totals are shown for all cards, file cards and search cards. The breakdown shows that on a volume level the data do not represent the natural distribution of the fingerprints very well. This is due to the small number or prints in each volume; but using the data in volumes 1-5 a better distribution is seen. This distribution will get better as more data are added to the database. See Figure 7 for the class codes.

Note:

       UL (1-5 ridge count ulnar loops)                All whorl ridge tracings (I,M,O)for
       UM (6-30 ridge count ulnar loops)                 a whorl class are counted together
       UH (31-49 ridge count ulnar loops)               (i.e. PI,PM,PO are counted in PW).
       (L,M,H) also used for radial loops

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Referencing Information for Volumes 1-5

The following data give information about referencing of the fingerprint classes for the fingerprints in each volume. The totals are shown for all cards, file cards, and search cards. The primary class is the first class given followed by reference class(es). The only class/reference combinations given are ones that exist in one of the volumes, therefore all possible combinations not shown do not exist in the database. It is also important to know that if a primary class has two references the order of the references is not significant, meaning that UL/TT/AA is the same as UL/AA/TT and due to the order of search through the classes for references both would be included in the UL/AA/TT total. Scars and amputations are treated differently in that a count of the total number is given at the end of the list.

Note:

       UL (1-5 ridge count ulnar loops)                All whorl ridge tracings (I,M,O)for
       UM (6-30 ridge count ulnar loops)                 a whorl class are counted together
       UH (31-49 ridge count ulnar loops)               (i.e. PI,PM,PO are counted in PW).
       (L,M,H) also used for radial loops

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Appendix D: Manual Pages for Database Source Code

DCPLLJPG(l) USER COMMANDS DCPLLJPG(l)

NAME
dcplljpg - jpeg loss less decompression for Ihead 8 bit gray scale images

SYNOPSIS
dcplljpg ihdrfile

DESCRIPTION

Dcplljpg takes an 8 bit gray scale ihead image, which was compressed using jpegcomp4, and decompresses it using techiques from the committee draft ISO/IEC CD 10198-1 for "Digital Compression and Coding of Continuous-tone Still images" with modifications to the draft image header.
NOTE: dcplljpg does not allow more than 8 bits/pixel input precision

OPTIONS
          ihdrfile
               Any 8 bit gray scale ihead raster image
              (previously compressed using jpegcomp4).

EXAMPLES
dcplljpg foo.pct

FILES
ihead.h NIST's raster header include file

jpeg.h Include file for jpeg algorithm

SEE ALSO
dumpihdr(1), ihdr2sun(1), ReadIheadRaster(3),
writeihdrfile(3)

DIAGNOSTICS
dcpllppg exists with a status of -1 if an error occurs.

BUGS
dcplljpg only handles gray scale images up to 8 bits per pixel precision.

Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 14 November 1991 1 27

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DUMPIHDR(l) USER COMMANDS DUMPIHDR(l)

NAME
dumpih - takes a NIST IHead image file and prints its header content to stdout

SYNOPSIS
dumpihdr ihdrfile

DESCRIPTION

Dumpihdr opens an NIST IHead rasterfile and formats and prints its header contents to stdout.

OPTIONS
ihdrfile
any NIST IHead image file name

EXAMPLES
dumpihdr foo.pct

FILES
ihead.h NIST's raster header include file 3

SEE ALSO
ihdr2sun(1), ReadIheadRaster(3), writeihdrfile(3),
writeihdr(3), readihdr(3), printihdr(3)

DIAGNOSTICS
Dumpihdr exits with a status of -1 if opening ihdrfile fails.

BUGS

Release 4.1 Last change: 15 March 1990

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IHDR2SUN(1) USER COMMANDS IHDR2SUN(1)

NAME
ihdr2sun - takes a NIST ihead image and converts it to a Sun rasterfile

SYNOPSIS
ihdr2sun [ -o outfile] ihdrfile [ mapfile ]

DESCRIPTION

Ihdr2sun converts a NIST ihead rasterfile to a Sun raster-file. If the optional argument mapfile is included on the command line and the input image is multiple bitplane, the colormap in mapfile will be inserted into the Sun raster-file, otherwise a default colormap gray.map will be used when necessary. The Sun image file created will have the root name of ihdrfile with the extension .ras appended, unless an alternate outfile is specified.

OPTIONS
          ihdrfile
                    any ihead raster image
           mapfile
                     optional colormap file

EXAMPLES
ihdr2sun foo.pct gray.map

FILES
           /usr/include/rasterfile.h
                     sun's raster header include file
          ihead.h
                    NIST's raster header include file

SEE ALSO
dumpidhr(1), sunalign(1), rasterfile(5)

DIAGNOSTICS
Ihdr2sun exits with a status of -1 if opening ihdrfile fails.

BUGS
Ihdr2sun does not currently support multiple bit levels per
pixel other than depth 8.

Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 08 March 1990 1 29

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SUNALIGN(l) USER COMMANDS SUNALIGN(l)

NAME
sunalign - takes a sun rasterfile and word aligns its scan lines

SYNOPSIS
sunalign sunrasterfile

DESCRIPTION

Sunalign takes the file sunrasterfile and determines if the stored scan lines in the file require word alignment. If so, the command overwrites the image data making scan lines word aligned. This command is useful when taking clipped images from the HP Scan Jet and importing them into Frame Maker.

OPTIONS
sunrasterfile
any sun rasterfile image

EXAMPLES
sunalign foo.ras

FILES
/usr/include/rasterfile.h
sun's raster header include file

READIHEADRASTER(3) C LIBRARY FUNCTIONS READIHEADRASTER(3)

NAME
ReadIheadRaster - loads into memory an ihead structure
corresponding image data from a file

SYNOPSIS
#include <ihead.h>

           ReadIheadRaster(file, head, data, width, height, depth)
           char *file;
           IHEAD **head;
           unsigned char **data;
           int *width, *height, *depth;

DESCRIPTION

ReadIheadRaster() opens a file named file and allocates and loads into memory an ihead structure and its corresponding raster image data. If the image data is compressed, ReadIheadRaster will uncompress the data before returning the data buffer. This routine also returns several integers converted from their corresponding ASCII entries found in the header. The source is found in the source code file rasterio.c.

file - the name of the file to be read from

head - a pointer to where an ihead structure is to be allocated and loaded

data - a pointer to where the array of binary raster image data is to be allocated and loaded

width - integer pointer containing the image's pixel width upon return

height - integer pointer containing the image's pixel height upon return

depth - integer pointer containing the image's Bits Per Pixel upon return

SEE ALSO
printihdr(3), readihdr(3), writeihdrfile(3), writeihdr(3), dumpihdr(1)

DIAGNOSTICS
ReadIheadRaster() exits with -1 when opening file fails.

BUGS

Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 05 March 1990

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JPGLLDCP(3) C LIBRARY FUNCTIONS JPGLLDCP(3)

NAME

jpglldcp - takes a jpeg lossless compressed input data buffer (with modified data header) and writes the uncompressed data to the passed output buffer

SYNOPSIS

          void jpglldcp(indata, width, height, depth, outbuffer)
          unsigned char *indata, *outbuffer;
          int width, height, depth;

DESCRIPTION

jpglldcp() takes the input buffer indata and decompresses it writing the uncompressed data into the output buffer outbuffer with length equal to the original image dimensions given. This procedure was developed using techniques from the committe draft ISO/IEC CD 10198-1 for "Digital Compression and Coding of Continuous-tone Still Images" with modifications to the draft image header. The source is found in the source code file jpglldcp.c.

indata - the compressed data input buffer

width - the pixel width of the image from which the input data came

height - the pixel height of the image from which the input data came

depth - the pixel depth of the image from which the input data came

outbuffer - the output buffer in which the uncompressed data is to be returned

SEE ALSO
dcplljpg(1), ReadIheadRaster(3), writeihdrfile(3)

BUGS

NOTE: jpglldcp will only work with gray-scale images that were compressed using a modified data header (not the standard lossless jpeg data header).

Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 14 January 1992

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PRINTIHDR(3) C LIBRARY FUNCTIONS PRINTIHDR(3)

NAME
printihdr - prints an ihead structure to the passed file pointer

SYNOPSIS
#include <ihead.h>

          printihdr (head, fp)
          IHEAD *ihead;
          FILE *fp;

DESCRIPTION

Printihdr() takes a pointer to an ihead structure and prints the ihead structure to the file pointed to by fp. The source is found in the source code file ihead.c.

fp - an open file pointer

ihead - a pointer to an initialized ihead structure

SEE ALSO
writeihdrfile(3), writeihdr(3), readihdr(3), ReadIheadRaster(3), dumpihdr(l)

BUGS

Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 15 January 1992

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READIHDR(3) C LIBRARY FUNCTIONS READIHDR(3)

NAME

readihdr - allocates and reads header information into an ihead structure and returns the initialized structure

SYNOPSIS
#include <ihead.h>

readihdr(fp)
FILE *fp;

DESCRIPTION

Readihdr() takes a file pointer to an ihead structured file. Then allocates and reads the header information from the file into an ihead structure. The source is found in the source code file ihead.c.

fp - an open file pointer

SEE ALSO
ReadIheadRaster(3), writeihdrfile(3, printihdr(3), writeihdr(3), dumpihdr(1)

BUGS

Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 16 January 1992

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WRITEIHDRFILE{3) C LIBRARY FUNCTIONS WRITEIHDRFILE(3)

NAME
writeihdrfile - writes an ihead structure and corresponding date to a file

SYNOPSIS
#include <ihead.h>

          writeihdrfile(file, head, data)
          char *file;
          IHEAD *head;
          unsigned char *data;

DESCRIPTION

Writeihdrfile() opens a file name file and writes an ihead structure and it corresponding image data to it. The source is found in the source code file rasterio.c.

file - the name of the file to be created

head - a pointer to an initialized ihead structure

data - the array of raster image data

SEE ALSO
writeihdr(3), printihdr(3), ReadIheadRaster(3), readihdr(3), dumpihdr(1)

DIAGNOSTICS
Writeihdrfile()) exits with -1 when opening file fails.

BUGS

Sun Release Last change: 16 January 1992

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WRITEIHDR(3) C LIBRARY FUNCTIONS WRITEIHDR(3)

NAME
writeihdr - writes an ihead structure to an open file

SYNOPSIS
#include <ihead.h>

          writeihdr(fp, ihead)
          FILE *fp;
          IHEAD *ihead;

DESCRIPTION

Writeihdr() takes a pointer to an ihead structure and writes it to the open file pointed to by fp. The source is found in the source code file ihead.c.

fp - an open file pointer

ihead - a pointer to an initialized ihead structure

SEE ALSO
writeihdrfile(3), printihdr(3), readihdr(3), ReadIheadRaster(3), dumpihdr(1)

BUGS

Sun Release 4.1 Last change: 02 March 1990

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