Steady CH4/air flame: 10.11 cm/s (9.78 cc/s) CH4; 14.6 cm/s (1170 cc/s) air Laser-induced incandescence measurements of soot volume fraction Radius H = 15 mm H = 20 mm H = 25 mm H = 30 mm H = 35 mm H = 40 mm H = 45 mm H = 50 mm H = 55 mm H = 60 mm H = 65 mm H = 70 mm H = 75 mm H = 80 mm H = 85 mm H = 90 mm H = 95 mm H = 100 mm H = 105 mm -7.00 -6.019E-0011 0.000E+0000 -1.754E-0011 -4.234E-0011 2.758E-0010 -1.746E-0010 2.938E-0010 -8.036E-0011 -5.162E-0011 1.529E-0010 4.858E-0012 2.108E-0010 -9.157E-0011 9.134E-0011 1.137E-0010 2.456E-0011 1.974E-0010 1.250E-0010 2.748E-0010 -6.75 9.186E-0012 0.000E+0000 2.496E-0011 2.642E-0011 3.766E-0011 5.673E-0011 -4.523E-0011 -6.709E-0012 4.734E-0010 7.442E-0011 -1.394E-0010 2.763E-0010 8.165E-0011 9.951E-0011 4.414E-0010 -7.271E-0011 3.902E-0011 1.799E-0010 -1.773E-0010 -6.50 1.460E-0010 0.000E+0000 2.560E-0011 9.563E-0011 -8.749E-0011 2.699E-0010 3.307E-0011 6.480E-0011 -3.795E-0011 -9.567E-0011 -3.438E-0011 1.752E-0010 1.710E-0010 3.485E-0011 2.031E-0010 8.158E-0010 8.533E-0011 -1.408E-0011 -1.547E-0010 -6.25 5.130E-0010 2.204E-0010 -1.590E-0011 1.638E-0010 8.904E-0011 4.598E-0010 -4.111E-0011 3.095E-0010 2.923E-0010 1.756E-0010 1.717E-0010 1.489E-0011 3.052E-0010 1.128E-0010 -4.238E-0011 -5.627E-0011 5.331E-0011 3.149E-0010 8.940E-0010 -6.00 1.246E-0009 2.434E-0009 1.388E-0009 4.397E-0010 4.827E-0010 1.181E-0010 1.117E-0011 2.785E-0010 -1.522E-0010 3.951E-0010 3.791E-0010 7.599E-0011 9.626E-0012 3.810E-0010 8.640E-0011 5.834E-0010 2.592E-0010 -1.596E-0010 -1.979E-0010 -5.75 4.656E-0009 6.641E-0009 7.732E-0009 3.937E-0009 1.194E-0009 1.847E-0010 8.363E-0010 1.035E-0009 1.518E-0011 4.764E-0011 3.835E-0010 1.363E-0010 3.162E-0010 7.085E-0012 -2.250E-0010 3.952E-0010 2.667E-0010 2.303E-0011 2.726E-0011 -5.50 5.095E-0009 1.285E-0008 1.918E-0008 1.345E-0008 7.818E-0009 1.818E-0009 9.961E-0010 3.207E-0010 3.882E-0010 3.670E-0010 2.316E-0010 5.226E-0010 6.243E-0010 5.381E-0010 6.010E-0010 3.328E-0011 1.847E-0010 4.620E-0010 3.161E-0010 -5.25 8.377E-0009 1.875E-0008 3.537E-0008 3.696E-0008 3.064E-0008 1.512E-0008 5.978E-0009 5.657E-0010 1.137E-0009 6.383E-0010 7.516E-0010 4.667E-0010 4.492E-0010 5.854E-0010 6.155E-0010 -2.865E-0010 9.556E-0010 8.264E-0010 7.961E-0012 -5.00 4.905E-0009 1.909E-0008 4.621E-0008 7.034E-0008 7.498E-0008 6.030E-0008 3.373E-0008 7.147E-0009 3.687E-0009 1.959E-0009 6.000E-0010 1.403E-0010 8.350E-0010 6.643E-0010 1.402E-0009 1.533E-0010 5.991E-0011 -2.011E-0012 8.693E-0010 -4.75 2.994E-0009 2.121E-0008 4.534E-0008 7.990E-0008 1.234E-0007 1.356E-0007 1.129E-0007 5.769E-0008 2.954E-0008 1.649E-0008 1.758E-0009 1.148E-0009 1.895E-0009 5.125E-0010 1.564E-0010 2.327E-0010 3.178E-0010 -2.726E-0011 1.203E-0010 -4.50 2.954E-0009 1.508E-0008 3.190E-0008 7.313E-0008 1.324E-0007 1.964E-0007 2.280E-0007 2.003E-0007 1.453E-0007 9.101E-0008 1.104E-0008 1.085E-0008 4.329E-0009 4.770E-0010 7.519E-0010 -2.857E-0010 6.418E-0011 1.591E-0010 2.815E-0010 -4.25 1.902E-0009 8.497E-0009 2.141E-0008 4.732E-0008 9.910E-0008 1.743E-0007 2.640E-0007 3.417E-0007 3.474E-0007 2.777E-0007 8.786E-0008 6.358E-0008 1.871E-0008 2.003E-0009 8.124E-0010 4.294E-0010 2.029E-0010 1.585E-0010 -1.949E-0010 -4.00 2.240E-0009 5.594E-0009 1.323E-0008 3.219E-0008 6.248E-0008 1.282E-0007 2.310E-0007 3.590E-0007 4.660E-0007 4.704E-0007 3.092E-0007 2.257E-0007 8.603E-0008 1.620E-0008 1.924E-0009 1.088E-0010 3.378E-0010 3.959E-0010 6.730E-0010 -3.75 6.483E-0010 6.470E-0009 1.008E-0008 2.377E-0008 3.775E-0008 7.476E-0008 1.437E-0007 2.776E-0007 4.356E-0007 5.616E-0007 5.203E-0007 4.174E-0007 2.200E-0007 6.528E-0008 6.310E-0009 -1.527E-0010 2.591E-0010 4.555E-0010 5.491E-0010 -3.50 2.741E-0011 2.283E-0009 8.733E-0009 1.477E-0008 2.526E-0008 4.590E-0008 8.510E-0008 1.602E-0007 3.013E-0007 4.661E-0007 5.860E-0007 5.330E-0007 3.587E-0007 1.537E-0007 2.430E-0008 4.422E-0010 7.304E-0011 1.887E-0010 2.014E-0010 -3.25 7.250E-0011 2.508E-0010 5.764E-0009 1.123E-0008 1.932E-0008 3.467E-0008 4.756E-0008 9.825E-0008 1.848E-0007 3.404E-0007 4.971E-0007 5.210E-0007 4.588E-0007 2.441E-0007 5.502E-0008 5.536E-0009 6.873E-0010 8.897E-0010 5.319E-0011 -3.00 -5.282E-0011 2.694E-0010 1.512E-0009 7.947E-0009 1.405E-0008 2.957E-0008 3.833E-0008 6.316E-0008 1.199E-0007 2.415E-0007 3.812E-0007 4.635E-0007 4.616E-0007 3.206E-0007 9.276E-0008 1.314E-0008 5.034E-0010 5.224E-0012 6.767E-0010 -2.75 6.438E-0011 6.488E-0010 1.022E-0009 5.304E-0009 1.149E-0008 1.959E-0008 3.141E-0008 4.714E-0008 8.578E-0008 1.892E-0007 3.169E-0007 4.014E-0007 4.376E-0007 3.580E-0007 1.573E-0007 3.045E-0008 6.969E-0010 1.121E-0010 6.683E-0010 -2.50 -6.182E-0011 3.254E-0010 5.269E-0010 2.716E-0009 7.079E-0009 1.580E-0008 2.616E-0008 3.844E-0008 6.583E-0008 1.379E-0007 2.439E-0007 3.733E-0007 4.325E-0007 3.954E-0007 2.148E-0007 6.818E-0008 3.823E-0009 7.067E-0010 8.020E-0010 -2.25 -6.182E-0011 3.082E-0010 7.097E-0010 1.846E-0009 4.463E-0009 1.070E-0008 1.697E-0008 3.485E-0008 5.689E-0008 1.024E-0007 1.939E-0007 3.420E-0007 4.218E-0007 4.251E-0007 2.892E-0007 1.156E-0007 1.670E-0008 2.235E-0010 5.883E-0010 -2.00 -3.452E-0011 2.908E-0010 8.015E-0010 8.356E-0010 3.818E-0009 6.492E-0009 1.386E-0008 2.542E-0008 4.240E-0008 7.859E-0008 1.474E-0007 2.803E-0007 3.913E-0007 4.210E-0007 3.345E-0007 1.859E-0007 3.928E-0008 6.336E-0010 8.418E-0010 -1.75 -1.634E-0011 1.457E-0010 7.522E-0011 2.534E-0010 2.788E-0009 6.040E-0009 1.148E-0008 2.012E-0008 3.569E-0008 5.933E-0008 1.161E-0007 2.421E-0007 3.780E-0007 4.475E-0007 3.835E-0007 2.492E-0007 8.592E-0008 6.414E-0009 1.368E-0009 -1.50 -6.182E-0011 0.000E+0000 2.977E-0011 -3.828E-0011 2.042E-0009 2.343E-0009 7.953E-0009 1.425E-0008 2.742E-0008 5.351E-0008 9.035E-0008 2.065E-0007 3.431E-0007 4.483E-0007 4.185E-0007 2.997E-0007 1.381E-0007 1.738E-0008 -1.949E-0010 -1.25 -6.182E-0011 0.000E+0000 1.668E-0010 -3.828E-0011 2.347E-0010 4.281E-0009 5.957E-0009 9.017E-0009 2.237E-0008 4.806E-0008 8.031E-0008 1.713E-0007 3.199E-0007 4.217E-0007 4.130E-0007 3.386E-0007 1.798E-0007 4.087E-0008 4.077E-0010 -1.00 7.528E-0011 5.493E-0011 1.266E-0009 -3.828E-0011 1.573E-0009 1.426E-0009 2.497E-0009 9.506E-0009 1.727E-0008 4.240E-0008 6.695E-0008 1.517E-0007 3.066E-0007 4.209E-0007 4.358E-0007 3.595E-0007 2.378E-0007 7.340E-0008 7.615E-0009 -0.75 3.890E-0011 1.831E-0011 4.421E-0010 2.551E-0010 7.309E-0010 1.361E-0009 2.938E-0009 7.307E-0009 1.556E-0008 3.446E-0008 6.167E-0008 1.206E-0007 2.841E-0007 4.140E-0007 4.410E-0007 3.802E-0007 2.624E-0007 1.175E-0007 1.590E-0008 -0.50 -6.182E-0011 0.000E+0000 7.578E-0011 6.956E-0010 3.099E-0010 2.377E-0010 4.816E-0009 5.286E-0009 1.557E-0008 3.193E-0008 5.454E-0008 1.200E-0007 2.741E-0007 4.151E-0007 4.767E-0007 4.181E-0007 3.007E-0007 1.463E-0007 2.125E-0008 -0.25 -6.182E-0011 0.000E+0000 2.998E-0011 3.287E-0010 1.283E-0009 1.363E-0009 2.722E-0009 4.000E-0009 1.464E-0008 2.944E-0008 5.150E-0008 1.130E-0007 2.589E-0007 4.078E-0007 4.573E-0007 4.147E-0007 3.165E-0007 1.787E-0007 2.908E-0008 0.00 2.982E-0011 0.000E+0000 -1.585E-0011 -3.828E-0011 1.100E-0009 1.208E-0009 2.087E-0009 5.511E-0009 1.239E-0008 2.843E-0008 4.878E-0008 1.136E-0007 2.687E-0007 4.232E-0007 4.559E-0007 4.036E-0007 3.288E-0007 1.766E-0007 3.205E-0008 0.25 -6.182E-0011 0.000E+0000 2.998E-0011 3.287E-0010 1.283E-0009 1.363E-0009 2.722E-0009 4.000E-0009 1.464E-0008 2.944E-0008 5.150E-0008 1.130E-0007 2.589E-0007 4.078E-0007 4.573E-0007 4.147E-0007 3.165E-0007 1.787E-0007 2.908E-0008 0.50 -6.182E-0011 0.000E+0000 7.578E-0011 6.956E-0010 3.099E-0010 2.377E-0010 4.816E-0009 5.286E-0009 1.557E-0008 3.193E-0008 5.454E-0008 1.200E-0007 2.741E-0007 4.151E-0007 4.767E-0007 4.181E-0007 3.007E-0007 1.463E-0007 2.125E-0008 0.75 3.890E-0011 1.831E-0011 4.421E-0010 2.551E-0010 7.309E-0010 1.361E-0009 2.938E-0009 7.307E-0009 1.556E-0008 3.446E-0008 6.167E-0008 1.206E-0007 2.841E-0007 4.140E-0007 4.410E-0007 3.802E-0007 2.624E-0007 1.175E-0007 1.590E-0008 1.00 7.528E-0011 5.493E-0011 1.266E-0009 -3.828E-0011 1.573E-0009 1.426E-0009 2.497E-0009 9.506E-0009 1.727E-0008 4.240E-0008 6.695E-0008 1.517E-0007 3.066E-0007 4.209E-0007 4.358E-0007 3.595E-0007 2.378E-0007 7.340E-0008 7.615E-0009 1.25 -6.182E-0011 0.000E+0000 1.668E-0010 -3.828E-0011 2.347E-0010 4.281E-0009 5.957E-0009 9.017E-0009 2.237E-0008 4.806E-0008 8.031E-0008 1.713E-0007 3.199E-0007 4.217E-0007 4.130E-0007 3.386E-0007 1.798E-0007 4.087E-0008 4.077E-0010 1.50 -6.182E-0011 0.000E+0000 2.977E-0011 -3.828E-0011 2.042E-0009 2.343E-0009 7.953E-0009 1.425E-0008 2.742E-0008 5.351E-0008 9.035E-0008 2.065E-0007 3.431E-0007 4.483E-0007 4.185E-0007 2.997E-0007 1.381E-0007 1.738E-0008 -1.949E-0010 1.75 -1.634E-0011 1.457E-0010 7.522E-0011 2.534E-0010 2.788E-0009 6.040E-0009 1.148E-0008 2.012E-0008 3.569E-0008 5.933E-0008 1.161E-0007 2.421E-0007 3.780E-0007 4.475E-0007 3.835E-0007 2.492E-0007 8.592E-0008 6.414E-0009 1.368E-0009 2.00 -3.452E-0011 2.908E-0010 8.015E-0010 8.356E-0010 3.818E-0009 6.492E-0009 1.386E-0008 2.542E-0008 4.240E-0008 7.859E-0008 1.474E-0007 2.803E-0007 3.913E-0007 4.210E-0007 3.345E-0007 1.859E-0007 3.928E-0008 6.336E-0010 8.418E-0010 2.25 -6.182E-0011 3.082E-0010 7.097E-0010 1.846E-0009 4.463E-0009 1.070E-0008 1.697E-0008 3.485E-0008 5.689E-0008 1.024E-0007 1.939E-0007 3.420E-0007 4.218E-0007 4.251E-0007 2.892E-0007 1.156E-0007 1.670E-0008 2.235E-0010 5.883E-0010 2.50 -6.182E-0011 3.254E-0010 5.269E-0010 2.716E-0009 7.079E-0009 1.580E-0008 2.616E-0008 3.844E-0008 6.583E-0008 1.379E-0007 2.439E-0007 3.733E-0007 4.325E-0007 3.954E-0007 2.148E-0007 6.818E-0008 3.823E-0009 7.067E-0010 8.020E-0010 2.75 6.438E-0011 6.488E-0010 1.022E-0009 5.304E-0009 1.149E-0008 1.959E-0008 3.141E-0008 4.714E-0008 8.578E-0008 1.892E-0007 3.169E-0007 4.014E-0007 4.376E-0007 3.580E-0007 1.573E-0007 3.045E-0008 6.969E-0010 1.121E-0010 6.683E-0010 3.00 -5.282E-0011 2.694E-0010 1.512E-0009 7.947E-0009 1.405E-0008 2.957E-0008 3.833E-0008 6.316E-0008 1.199E-0007 2.415E-0007 3.812E-0007 4.635E-0007 4.616E-0007 3.206E-0007 9.276E-0008 1.314E-0008 5.034E-0010 5.224E-0012 6.767E-0010 3.25 7.250E-0011 2.508E-0010 5.764E-0009 1.123E-0008 1.932E-0008 3.467E-0008 4.756E-0008 9.825E-0008 1.848E-0007 3.404E-0007 4.971E-0007 5.210E-0007 4.588E-0007 2.441E-0007 5.502E-0008 5.536E-0009 6.873E-0010 8.897E-0010 5.319E-0011 3.50 2.741E-0011 2.283E-0009 8.733E-0009 1.477E-0008 2.526E-0008 4.590E-0008 8.510E-0008 1.602E-0007 3.013E-0007 4.661E-0007 5.860E-0007 5.330E-0007 3.587E-0007 1.537E-0007 2.430E-0008 4.422E-0010 7.304E-0011 1.887E-0010 2.014E-0010 3.75 6.483E-0010 6.470E-0009 1.008E-0008 2.377E-0008 3.775E-0008 7.476E-0008 1.437E-0007 2.776E-0007 4.356E-0007 5.616E-0007 5.203E-0007 4.174E-0007 2.200E-0007 6.528E-0008 6.310E-0009 -1.527E-0010 2.591E-0010 4.555E-0010 5.491E-0010 4.00 2.240E-0009 5.594E-0009 1.323E-0008 3.219E-0008 6.248E-0008 1.282E-0007 2.310E-0007 3.590E-0007 4.660E-0007 4.704E-0007 3.092E-0007 2.257E-0007 8.603E-0008 1.620E-0008 1.924E-0009 1.088E-0010 3.378E-0010 3.959E-0010 6.730E-0010 4.25 1.902E-0009 8.497E-0009 2.141E-0008 4.732E-0008 9.910E-0008 1.743E-0007 2.640E-0007 3.417E-0007 3.474E-0007 2.777E-0007 8.786E-0008 6.358E-0008 1.871E-0008 2.003E-0009 8.124E-0010 4.294E-0010 2.029E-0010 1.585E-0010 -1.949E-0010 4.50 2.954E-0009 1.508E-0008 3.190E-0008 7.313E-0008 1.324E-0007 1.964E-0007 2.280E-0007 2.003E-0007 1.453E-0007 9.101E-0008 1.104E-0008 1.085E-0008 4.329E-0009 4.770E-0010 7.519E-0010 -2.857E-0010 6.418E-0011 1.591E-0010 2.815E-0010 4.75 2.994E-0009 2.121E-0008 4.534E-0008 7.990E-0008 1.234E-0007 1.356E-0007 1.129E-0007 5.769E-0008 2.954E-0008 1.649E-0008 1.758E-0009 1.148E-0009 1.895E-0009 5.125E-0010 1.564E-0010 2.327E-0010 3.178E-0010 -2.726E-0011 1.203E-0010 5.00 4.905E-0009 1.909E-0008 4.621E-0008 7.034E-0008 7.498E-0008 6.030E-0008 3.373E-0008 7.147E-0009 3.687E-0009 1.959E-0009 6.000E-0010 1.403E-0010 8.350E-0010 6.643E-0010 1.402E-0009 1.533E-0010 5.991E-0011 -2.011E-0012 8.693E-0010 5.25 8.377E-0009 1.875E-0008 3.537E-0008 3.696E-0008 3.064E-0008 1.512E-0008 5.978E-0009 5.657E-0010 1.137E-0009 6.383E-0010 7.516E-0010 4.667E-0010 4.492E-0010 5.854E-0010 6.155E-0010 -2.865E-0010 9.556E-0010 8.264E-0010 7.961E-0012 5.50 5.095E-0009 1.285E-0008 1.918E-0008 1.345E-0008 7.818E-0009 1.818E-0009 9.961E-0010 3.207E-0010 3.882E-0010 3.670E-0010 2.316E-0010 5.226E-0010 6.243E-0010 5.381E-0010 6.010E-0010 3.328E-0011 1.847E-0010 4.620E-0010 3.161E-0010 5.75 4.656E-0009 6.641E-0009 7.732E-0009 3.937E-0009 1.194E-0009 1.847E-0010 8.363E-0010 1.035E-0009 1.518E-0011 4.764E-0011 3.835E-0010 1.363E-0010 3.162E-0010 7.085E-0012 -2.250E-0010 3.952E-0010 2.667E-0010 2.303E-0011 2.726E-0011 6.00 1.246E-0009 2.434E-0009 1.388E-0009 4.397E-0010 4.827E-0010 1.181E-0010 1.117E-0011 2.785E-0010 -1.522E-0010 3.951E-0010 3.791E-0010 7.599E-0011 9.626E-0012 3.810E-0010 8.640E-0011 5.834E-0010 2.592E-0010 -1.596E-0010 -1.979E-0010 6.25 5.130E-0010 2.204E-0010 -1.590E-0011 1.638E-0010 8.904E-0011 4.598E-0010 -4.111E-0011 3.095E-0010 2.923E-0010 1.756E-0010 1.717E-0010 1.489E-0011 3.052E-0010 1.128E-0010 -4.238E-0011 -5.627E-0011 5.331E-0011 3.149E-0010 8.940E-0010 6.50 1.460E-0010 0.000E+0000 2.560E-0011 9.563E-0011 -8.749E-0011 2.699E-0010 3.307E-0011 6.480E-0011 -3.795E-0011 -9.567E-0011 -3.438E-0011 1.752E-0010 1.710E-0010 3.485E-0011 2.031E-0010 8.158E-0010 8.533E-0011 -1.408E-0011 -1.547E-0010 6.75 9.186E-0012 0.000E+0000 2.496E-0011 2.642E-0011 3.766E-0011 5.673E-0011 -4.523E-0011 -6.709E-0012 4.734E-0010 7.442E-0011 -1.394E-0010 2.763E-0010 8.165E-0011 9.951E-0011 4.414E-0010 -7.271E-0011 3.902E-0011 1.799E-0010 -1.773E-0010 7.00 -6.019E-0011 0.000E+0000 -1.754E-0011 -4.234E-0011 2.758E-0010 -1.746E-0010 2.938E-0010 -8.036E-0011 -5.162E-0011 1.529E-0010 4.858E-0012 2.108E-0010 -9.157E-0011 9.134E-0011 1.137E-0010 2.456E-0011 1.974E-0010 1.250E-0010 2.748E-0010